Investigating how Businesses work Essay

Introduction For this assignment I am investigating how Marks and Spencer plc works, and I will look at its aims and objectives, functional areas, employment law, communication methods and organisational structure of the company. Marks and Spencer is a publicly owned company in the retail sector. It is in the retail industry and is a large company. The company has been running for many years. Marks and Spencer is one of the UK’s leading retailers of clothing, foods, homeware and financial services. It serves 10 million customers a week over 300 UK stores. Aims and objectives All businesses have aims, this helps them achieve and reach their targets to make their business successful. Therefore Marks and Spencer’s aim is to attract the customers with appealing, superior quality products at attractive prices. They do this by creating exclusive products for the customers. The company aims to put the customer first in everything they do and offer the highest values of customer care in order to satisfy them. In order to achieve the aims, businesses need to decide what objectives to take to help them. According to Marks and Spencer’s objectives are to: 1. Deliver the agreed minimum customer service standards 2. Carry out and develop new systems 3. Reduce theft and loss 4. Create a visually exciting store 5. Permit people 6. Improve effectiveness through managing risk 7. Recruit the right people to provide service standards 8. Deliver customer focused training Functional Areas In large businesses people work as a team in order to help the business run smoothly and effectively, they work together in different functional areas which relate to them. Businesses have these functional areas to help them achieve their aims and objectives. I will be looking at four functional areas, which are: 1. Human Resources 2. Finance 3. Marketing and Sales 4. Administration Human Resources Human Resources are involved with the staffs that work for the company. The staffs in this area are important because they are partly responsible for keeping the business successful. The Human Resources staffs are involved in: * Recruitment * Working conditions * Health and safety * Training and development * Employee organisations and unions Recruitment Vacancies for Marks and Spencer are mainly advertised in recruitment agencies, local or national newspaper, local job centres and careers offices. Marks and Spencer has a company policy to reply to every application sent. These applications are filed for 3 months and then are destroyed so applicants will have to reapply every 12 weeks. There are three ways to apply for a position in store management. You must be either a graduate/undergraduate with a degree or HND and GCSE Maths and English grade C+. For school or college leavers, with A Levels and GCSE Maths and English C+. Marks and Spencer look for people with high standards, who will enjoy working in the retail environment and they look for people who are good with customers or at customer service and people who will work harmoniously in a team. Working Conditions Marks and Spencer has several of working conditions, these include holiday entitlement, hours of work, pay etc. All staff, including temporary and permanent, is entitled to a holiday each year. This holiday entitlement runs from April 1st to March 31st. You can take a holiday if you have a contract of 13 weeks or more. Marks and Spencer has a store policy that all staff should plan and book their holiday in advance because the store operates on a first come first serve basis. They need to book their holiday before to avoid any disappointments. Health and Safety Many health services at Marks and Spencer are provided for the staff such as the staff doctor, store dentist and smear tests for the female staff. The staff doctor attends the store regularly to help and give advice. All staff is entitled to make an appointment if they wish to see the doctor. Every 6 months the store dentist also attends the store for a routine check. He will recommend treatment to staff if needed. A private medical is available to all permanent staff. Cervical smears are available for the female staff and wives of male employees every 3 years. Training and Development Marks and Spencer provide staff with training opportunities. The NVQ programme was one of the largest training programmes they had. At Marks and Spencer, people skills are important whoever you come into contact with, such as customers, suppliers or members of the staff. Employee Organisations and Trade Unions The employees do not officially have union representation, but are entitled to join a union if they wish to. The company wishes all its contacts with unions to be conducted in a decent and co-operative manner. It is illegal for management to interfere with the right of an individual to belong to an independent union as defined in the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1976. The types of job roles in human resources are: Job Title Job Role Human resources Managing the HR department and staff, involved with Manager industrial relations and trade unions negotiations, Implementing the organisations HR policies. Training/staff Responsible for training and staff development. development Health and safety Overseeing all the health and safety matters and Officer monitoring Personnel/staffing Keeping staff records, monitoring staff welfare officer HR administrative Administrative work relating to the human resources Assistants function. Finance Businesses need to manage and control the money coming in and going out of the business. They also need to understand this information in order to plan what to do next and to see if they need to make any changes. All businesses deal with: * Preparing accounts * Paying wages and salaries * Obtaining capital and resources. The major sources of finance include back profits, shares, banking facilities, hire purchase/leasing and trade credits. Preparing accounts The finance staffs at Marks and Spencer have to deal with a range of activities related to checking and recording of all amounts of money received and paid. These are entered into an account each customer has. When money is being received it is banked as soon as possible and also is checked carefully and recorded against each item sold and against each customer’s account. Every Business including Marks and Spencer has to pay its own bills. They will owe money for raw materials used in the manufacture of a product and for the services it uses. Paying wages and salaries Wages and Salaries are done by a computerised procedure. Marks and Spencer pay their staff monthly direct into their bank account, using a system called credit transfer. The company’s bank transfers money to all the employee’s accounts. The bank keeps payroll records, which shows how much each staff earns and how much they are meant to be paid, this helps the bank to transfer the right amount of money into the staff account. Obtaining capital and resources Capital is the money the owner puts into Marks and Spencer. This will be needed when the business starts trading. The money buys all the requirements Marks and Spencer needs. When the business starts to trade and make a profit, the profit is used to buy new stock to sell and also saved incase the company wants to buy new equipment. The job roles in finance are: Job Title Job Role Finance Director Giving advice to senior managers on the overall financial Policy of the organisation. Financial Manager Managing the finance function and staff. Advising on financial resources. Management Producing continuous financial information for Accountant management Credit controller Advising on credit policies. Ensuring that money owing to the company is kept within agreed levels. Payroll Responsible for overseeing the company payroll and Administrator salary/wage section. Ledger Clerks Assist the chief accountant in the recording of all financial transactions. Marketing and Sales Businesses carry out a range of activities to identify the customer’s needs and then try to provide for them. These activities include: * Market research * Promotion * Sales promotion Market Research Marks and Spencer has a separate department, which is involved with market research. Market research deals with customer feedback and external agencies. Other types of market research that are used at Marks and Spencer are through credit card, database, direct mailing, and telephone and through the customer services department. Market research can be carried out through primary and secondary research. Promotion Marks and Spencer have to decide how to promote their products, this usually depends on the type of product or service they want to promote Marks and Spencer advertise its promotion through corporate advertising, for example with seasonal products like strawberries in the summer. The major markets are the consumer markets worldwide but Marks and Spencer find their main shoppers are middle aged, middle class and female. Sales Promotion Sales promotions are campaigns, which offer special discounts and attract customers to try a new a product. Sale promotions at Marks and Spencer include offering free samples of food, special discounts and offers. Marks and Spencer set up campaigns for a few reasons such as attracting more buyers but mainly if a new product is not selling as well as it should be then the campaign is set up. The major customers for the products are the general public. The job roles involved in Marketing and Sales are: Job Title Job Role Marketing director Responsible for the overall marketing function and its aims and objectives. Sales manager Responsible for sales staff and the achievement of sales targets, often within the UK. Advertising In charge with advertising and agency staff over Manager publicity campaign. Export manager Responsible for overseas agents and the achievement of sales targets overseas. Market Find out consumer opinions on current and proposal Researchers goods and services. Order clerks Accept and process sale orders Administration The administration function helps a business run smoothly from day to day and keeping things up to date. It covers a number of different tasks including: * Clerical work, collecting mail, keeping records, organising meetings, responding to enquiries * Cleaning, maintenance and security Clerical work Every day Marks and Spencer would receive telephone calls that need to be answered, mails that needs opening and replying, a list of tasks to do, visitors that arrive at the reception some without a appointment, Fax messages, documents to sort out and need to prepare and documents that need updating etc. Every morning Marks and Spencer receive a number of mails, these mails are then sorted correctly, date stamped then delivered to different departments and individual staff. Marks and Spencer also arrange for their mail to be collected to sent out at a certain time. Marks and Spencer receive enquiries from a variety of people, companies and also other people from inside the organisation departments. Marks and Spencer try to answer these enquiries quickly with correct information. Marks and Spencer has a large amount of documents produce by organisations such as forms, fax/telephone messages, letters and reports. These documents are then filed and some are stored in the computer. Cleaning and maintenance Marks and Spencer employ cleaners to do routine cleaning duties. Some employees do the basic cleaning and the others don’t. If a cleaner is off sick, the supplier has to replace them as part of their contract. Security Marks and Spencer security staff are not employed by the company but by a specialist security firm. The responsibility of the firm is training and supply. The security staffs are responsible for patrolling the premises. The job roles involved in Administration are: Job Title Job Role Administration Managing the administration operations of the Manager organisation. Company A senior executive responsible for all legal affairs of the secretary company, dealing with shareholders, insurance and organising meetings. IT manager Managing all the IT requirements of the company, including Equipment and advising on future needs. PA/secretarial Responsible for providing secretarial and administrative Staff support, usually to senior managers. Equal opportunities and employment legislation Recruiting and keeping the right employees is important to every business. Both employers and employees have rights and responsibilities. These are safeguarded by employment law, not only by employee organisations and unions. The 4 main Acts are: 1. The Employment Rights Act 1996 2. The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 3. The Race Relations Act 1976 4. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 The Employment Rights Act 1996 This act establishes a wide range of rights that employees have when they are being employed, for example: * The right to a contract of employment must be given within two months of starting employment and must include details such as name of employee and employer, date when employment began, rate of pay and when its due, hours of work, sick pay etc. * All female employees have the right to maternity leave, this can be up to 29 weeks and also can return to work afterwards. * Employees have the right to take time off to look for a new job, attending interviews and still be paid. * Employees have the right not to be unfairly dismissed. * Employees have the right to redundancy payments if an employee is dismissed because the job is no longer available. The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 This act makes it illegal for anyone to be discriminated against someone on the grounds of gender either directly or indirectly. In employment this applies to recruitment and selection for jobs and promotion, training the way you are treated in a job, dismissal and redundancy. The Race Relations Act 1976 This act makes it unlawful to discriminate against people of colour, race, nationality or ethnic origin. In the track of employment it is unlawful to discriminate in the arrangements for employment, which are: * In the interview or advisement’s * In the terms of employment * By refusing employment because of colour, race, nationality or ethnic origin. * In promotion and training * By dismissing a person The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 This act is concerned with discrimination against people with disabilities in employment. The disability may be physical, sensory or mental but must be relatively long-term. Employers must not treat a disabled person less favourable than others. Employers must be prepared to make reasonable adjustments to the workplace to help the disabled person do the job. Disabled persons who suffer discrimination can complain to an employment tribunal. Below are some examples of how employees at Marks and Spencer are protected by these Acts: 1st example A female staff from Marks and Spencer was pregnant and she was due to a maternity leave as agreed on for 30 weeks, she carried on working for a couple of weeks before she was due to the leave. When she took that leave, it happened to be longer than she thought, she had to take an extra few weeks of and when she came back, the job was still there for her. 2nd example New black female staffs were starting work at Marks and Spencer. On her first day, she needed to be trained and taught about the health and safety matters, this had to be done by a health and safety officer from Marks and Spencer. When she met the officer, he wasn’t very welcoming and didn’t seem pleased. He showed her around but the woman thought he wasn’t explaining very clearly and she was worried because she wouldn’t know exactly what to do if there was a fire, so she reported this to the employer and it seemed that he didn’t give her the full instructions, so another officer had to be arranged to train her. 3rd example A man applied for a job at Marks and Spencer, he was unsure whether he would get the job because of his disability problem but when they called him in for an interview he was surprised. They discussed his disability problem and the arrangements for him to work, so in the end they gave him a part time job, which he was very pleased about. Communication People working in different functional areas have to communicate with each other as well as with people outside the business such as customers and suppliers. In order to keeps the business running smoothly and effectively they need to keep the other people in the business well informed, to do this they might use: Internal External Telephone Telephone E-mail E-mail Pager Advertisement Face to face Internet Advertisement Fax Interview Letter Memo Video conferencing Notice Intranet Meeting Marks and Spencer Internal methods of communication to different functional areas are the telephone, email, fax machine, verbal meetings and appointments and also video conferencing, which are used around the country to save time on travelling and costs. The management team spend a high amount of time on the sales floor visiting various sections to see supervisors and staff. Marks and Spencer external communications include letters received from the charities, they receive about 10,000 appeals for support every year. External communications also include project work, Equal opportunities and also the company support projects, which help the elderly and the young and also people with special needs and those who require help in the members of the community. Due to the rising number of communications throughout the company, the communication problems have been encountered and one of the biggest problems has been to ensure everyone is informed. Due to the speed of the business, Marks and Spencer have to ensure that all the staffs try to ensure professional communication by being prepared and organised. The developments Marks and Spencer now have in mind is to improve and make communications more better through e-mail, to improve the in store telephone and the bleep systems such as changing to mobile phones and a speed dial network system. Below is a diagram showing how the functional areas communicate with each other externally and internally. Functional Type of Reason why Area communication Human -Telephone Confidentiality Resources -face to face Urgent -Letter Fast and easy to use -Meeting Saves time to talk to individuals Finance -Letter Security -E-mail Confidentiality -Meeting Get feedback from people quick Administration -Fax can be kept for future reference -Letter evidence and can be copied. -Email convenient while on the computer Marketing and -Meeting Group discussion, more ideas to share Sales Different functional areas use different communicational methods to communicate with each other, this is because employers need to know which type of communication to use for each purpose. For example, human resources might use the telephone or letter to communicate with a different functional area because it might be confidential, this way no confidential information is being reached out of the organisation. And also if a letter is being used, this can be kept for future reference and hard evidence for any purpose. Another type of communication is a meeting; this can save a lot of time and can get feedback from the people at the meeting immediately. Meetings also save time on having to discuss things individually. These types of communication can help Marks and Spencer achieve their aims and objectives, one of the main aims of Marks and Spencer is to put the customers first and to offer the highest values in customer care to satisfy them. To achieve this aim, Marks and Spencer keep the flow of information within the company, they keep the right people informed with up to date information so that when customers ask for certain information it will be as accurate as possible. The Marketing and Sales functional area keep the staff informed about the current range and prices of products for the benefit of the customers. When an order is being received, they pass it on to be sorted in order. To meet the needs of the customers, the staff’s listens to what customers have to say whether it is a good or bad thing and take that into account. Staff at Marks and Spencer has meetings to discuss any problems whether concerning about the customers or other matters so they can solve the problem maybe for the benefit of the customers who shop at Marks and Spencer. Organisational Structure of Marks and Spencer To make the business run successfully without any chaos, they organise their employees in functional areas and section so they know what to do. This helps the business to make decisions and carry them out. Every business has its own way of structure. Hierarchy Structure Marks and Spencer organisational structure of the business is a hierarchy structure, which is tall and has a number of levels. This type of structure may be large but also has some disadvantages as well as advantages within this structure. Below are the advantages and disadvantages. Advantages * Clear job role and lines of responsibility * Each level will have different opinions so therefore more ideas * Clear pay structure * A large number of colleagues * A range of facilities * Good promotion Disadvantages * Slow communication flow. If any staffs require information, this could take time. * Slow reaction to changes and challenges because many people have to be informed whether decisions or changes were going to be made. * Staff at a lower level may feel the manager at the top has no idea what they think or do Flat Structure Here is an organisational structure of a small company. As you can see, this structure is small and does not have many levels. This type of structure is called a Flat structure. This is very much different to the Marks and Spencer structure because Marks and Spencer is a large company. From the diagram structure we can tell that the company is rather small and has fewer levels. But there are also some advantages as well as disadvantages within this structure. Below are a list of the advantages and disadvantages of a flat structure. Advantages * Communication is quicker and more accurate * Good at responding quickly to new ideas and customer needs * Operate quite easily * Less management cost * Flexible working hours Disadvantages * Business is small * No one to share ideas with * May experience problems with shortage of staff if business is expanding.

Leadership Value

Leadership has been a common term and everyone has his or her own understanding of its meaning. Most of the time we understood leadership on one’s strong character combined with charisma. But this understanding is faulty as leadership is not a sole function of individual charisma or talent but a collective activity. Gilbert Fairnholm defines leadership as an interactive function of a leader and several followers jointly engaged† (p. 8) which means that there is a collective effort in terms of value and trust enough to prove each one’s confidence in participating in collective activity. Value on the other hand derived its roots from French and English word courage or valor. In business world, value means worth thus according to Kim S. Cameron, â€Å"value creation is the objective of every enterprise, every worker, and every leader and all employees are judged by their ability to create value† (p. 4). Leadership value therefore could mean a collected courageous undertakings being inspired by the leader’s own courage or the worth of having a leader in a collective effort. The leadership Principles Joseph A. Heim pointed out five principles of leadership that should be implemented in order to have a â€Å"successful management of people and technology† (p. 161). The first principle, the people understands the vision. Heim explained that when people understands the vision or the larger task of an enterprise, and are given the right information, the resources, and the responsibility, they will do the right thing (p. 161). The second principle is empowerment of individual. Heim noted that empowered people—and of course with a good leadership–empowered groups will have not only the ability but also the desire to participate in the decision process. Heim explained that the level of involvement will enable and encourage the individual to make decision rather than adopt a passive or reactive attitude, waiting to be told what to do. The third principle is a comprehensive and effective communications network. Heim emphasized that this network should distribute knowledge and information widely; embracing the openness and trust that allow the individual to feel empowered to affect the real problems. The fourth is integrated enterprise, it is the result of â€Å"democratization and dissemination of information through the network† (p. 161) in all directions irrespective of organizational position. The result of these first four principles, which is distributed decision-making, is the fifth principle. Heim pointed out that â€Å"information freely shared with empowered people who are motivated to make decisions will naturally distribute the decision making process through the entire organization. Leadership and Values According to Jeswal Salacuse, â€Å"Leadership express a complex and at the same time flexible concept† (p. 19). Salacuse noted that the English word â€Å"leader† is derived from the old English laedan which means to show the way, to be ahead of   moving a group of people willing toward and objective. It therefore implies the existence of followers. Like leadership, everyone may have already basic idea of what values are. Dran, Gila M. Von, and Jennifer Cargill point out that Values â€Å"are broad general beliefs about the way people should behave, or about some end state they should attain† (p. 121). They explained that people form their values in the same way in which they develop their personality, thus values are conclusive beliefs individual develop gradually about what is true or right or good about their world. They pointed out â€Å"values come from the early conditioning, experience, and significant events in one’s life† (p. 121) and are the criteria for selecting actions, goals, and methods. Leadership Traits Pieter John Diederik Drenth, Henk Thiery, and Charles Johanes Wolff, pointed out that leadership traits â€Å"is founded on the assumption that leaders poses certain personal qualities, such as courage, intelligence, strength of character, vision, or charisma, which followers do not possess† (p. 326) But this assumption waned because according to Drent, Thiery, and Wolff, â€Å"it has proved impossible to find a single set of characteristic that enables a clear and reliable distinction to be drawn between†¦ leaders and followers† (p. 326). But recent study admits that certain characteristics are only important in certain circumstances such as in athletic or sports. Drent, Thiery and Wolff pointed out the studies conducted in 1981 by Bass which concludes that â€Å"Leadership as such is not a property of an individual’s personality, but there are nonetheless certain fixed personal characteristic that seem to play part in the exercise of leadership† (p. 326). Leadership Skill Like leadership and values, skill is a familiar term. Skill is the ability to do something well. Robert Eugene Lefton and Victor Buzzota identified four basic leadership skills that a leader needs. First, The sizing-up skills or the ability to observe what do in work situations as objectively as you can; Second, Communication skills or the ability to find out what others think and for getting your own ideas across, Third, Motivational skills or the ability to create an environment in which people do what they are capable of because they have a compelling reason to do so, and fourth, Adaptive skills or the ability to relate to people as a unique individual. Advance leadership skills Advance leadership skills according to William Christ, are â€Å"blends of knowledge, skill, and attitude and require greater levels of behavioral flexibility and adaptability† (p. 29). Below are some of the advance leadership scales that Christ delineated. (1) Manage and resolve conflicts effectively, (2) Develop messages that influence attitudes, beliefs, and actions, (3) Ability to demonstrate credibility and ability to manage multiple communications effectively, (4) Creative management skills, and (5) interpersonal skills. Leadership Behavior Leadership behavior according Manuel London is the result of perceiving situations, relating situational perceptions to accumulated knowledge, and then using scripts to guide the production of situationally appropriate behavior.   Studies on leadership behavior shows that exemplary leaders always balanced high task orientation and high person orientation, according to Gary Monroe Crow, Joseph Mathews, and Lloyed Mc Cleary, task orientation focused such behaviors as planning, monitoring and coordinating, while person-orientation focused on such behavior as informing of decisions and praising their accomplishment (p. 11). Assessing Leadership and measuring its Effect Assessing leadership according to Daniel Goleman , Rechard Boyatzis, and Annie Mckee can be done through a series of interviews   and observations by a professional executive coach. Goleman, Boyatzis, and McKee point out that a â€Å"typical process include conversations about the leaders career and life history, discussion of current managerial and leadership challenges, and discussion of the organizational-level issues as well as including things such as climate, politics, and system† (p. 228). Novick, Morrow, and Mays discussed measuring leadership effect.   According to them, one question that a leader should ask is, ‘How am I doing as a leader?’   They suggested that by using psychological assessment instruments can help measure leadership effect or effectiveness.   This instrument that help assess one’s self and appreciate the contribution of others is available in many forms. Work Cited Cameron, Kim S. Competing Values Leadership: Creating Value in Organization. Christ, William. Leadership in Times of Change: A Handbook for Communication and Media Administrators (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998) Crow, Gary Monroe, et.al. Leadership: A Relevant and Realistic Role for Principals. (Eye on Education, Inc., 1996). Drenth, Pieter Johan Drederick, et.al., Organizational Psychology. (Psychology Press, 1998). Fairnholm, Gilbert W. Leadership and Culture of Trust. (Praeger/Greenwood, 1994). Heim, Joseph. Manufacturing Systems: Foundations of World Class Practice. (National Academies, 1992). Goleman Daniel, et.al. Primal Leadership: Learning to Lead. (Harvard Business School Press, 2004). Lefton, Robert Eugene and Buzzota, Victor. Leadership Through People Skills. (McGraw-Hill Professional, 2004). London, Manuel. How People Evaluate Others in Organization. (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2001). Novick, Lloyd, et.al. Public Health Administration: Principles for Population Based Management. (Jones and Bartlett, 2007) Salacuse, Jeswal W. Leading Leaders: How to Manage Smart, Talented, Rich, and Powerful People. (AMARCOM Div. American Management Association, 2006).            

Actions to Take in Response to Concerns That a Colleague May Be:

a. Failing to comply with safeguarding procedures: Failure to comply may put children and young people at risk of harm or abuse. I would follow the setting safeguarding policy or immediately report it to the safeguarding co-ordinator or the supervisor/head teacher. I would not discuss these matters with anyone else. b. Harming, abusing or bullying a child or young person: Any person working in schools who suspects that a colleague may be abusing a child or young person must act on their suspicions. This action will serve not only to protect children but also colleagues from false accusations. I would act immediately to protect the child by informing the supervisor/head teacher. If the allegation is against the supervisor/head teacher, I would report my concerns to the designated person for child protection or directly to the Education Authority. I would also fill in a CAF form within 24 hours. a. Failing to comply with safeguarding procedures: Failure to comply may put children and young people at risk of harm or abuse. I would follow the setting safeguarding policy or immediately report it to the safeguarding co-ordinator or the supervisor/head teacher. I would not discuss these matters with anyone else. . Harming, abusing or bullying a child or young person: Any person working in schools who suspects that a colleague may be abusing a child or young person must act on their suspicions. This action will serve not only to protect children but also colleagues from false accusations. I would act immediately to protect the child by informing the supervisor/head teacher. If th e allegation is against the supervisor/head teacher, I would report my concerns to the designated person for child protection or directly to the Education Authority. I would also fill in a CAF form within 24 hours.

Individual Project in Supply Chain Management Assignment

Individual Project in Supply Chain Management - Assignment Example Since, these are ideal scenarios and cannot be totally realized in practice, the company would never be able to eliminate stock-outs completely. However, John and Michael should aim for efficient management of stock-outs to control inventory as well as prevent business loss. References Vasconcellos,Luis.H.R.,Sampaio, Mauro. (2009). The Stockouts Study: an Examination of the Extent and the Causes in the Sao Paulo Supermarket Sector, Brazaillian Administration Review, Curitiba,( vol. 6, n. 3, art. 6, pp. 263-279, July/Sept. 2009) 2. Costs, Demand & Trade- offs associated with Stock-outs The costs associated with stock-outs to Stone Horse Supply Company may be internal such as loss in production, loss in working hours, delays, excess labour cost etc. or external such as lost sales and profit, loss of goodwill and trust etc. While taking a decision regarding stock levels, John and Michael have to primarily consider a trade-off between two costs. One of them is the holding cost of the inv entory while the other is the opportunity cost of the lost sales (Vasconcellos, 2009). A proper balance needs to be maintained between the two for efficient operations. It is not required to completely eliminate the stock-outs. In fact, stock-outs below 5% are healthy and indicate a continuous increase in demand. References Vasconcellos,Luis.H.R.,Sampaio, Mauro. (2009). The Stockouts Study: an Examination of the Extent and the Causes in the Sao Paulo Supermarket Sector, Brazaillian Administration Review, Curitiba,( vol. 6, n. 3, art. 6, pp. 263-279, July/Sept. 2009) 3. Ways to measure Product Availability Product availability can be defined as the capability of a firm to fulfil customer demand with the existing inventory of goods. There are several ways available to the Stone Horse Supply Company

Promotion campaign for the Spring Collection 2012 of Swarovski Assignment

Promotion campaign for the Spring Collection 2012 of Swarovski - Assignment Example The report would involve several criteria to select promotional tools, and goal setting programmes performing the role of a sustainable marketing plan. The prime intention of conducting this report will emphasise on increasing the annual turnover of the company’s crystal business which recently was recorded to surpass its EUR 2 billion benchmark in the year 2010. In the year 2011, the company was recorded to earn revenue of EUR 2.22 billion from this particular business segment attaining around 10% growth. Notably, this segment can be regarded as the most competent one with further growth prospects which is aimed to attain a growth rate of 15% in the fiscal year of 2012. Hence, this particular objective can be attained with due significance to effective and aggressive promotions of Swarovski’s seasonal collections which is quite famous worldwide and tends to attract the fashion lovers from the elite groups all around the world. Swarovski’s target customers, speci fically for the campaign regarding their Spring Collection, are observed to be the young people of the society and the niche sector. It is due to the fact that most of the products under the latest collection are designed in a manner which is more attractive to the young generation and tends to satisfy their desires regarding fashionable accessories to a large extent. Moreover, the price and the features of the products are mostly preferred by the niche fashion lover people of the society who can be stated as the secondary targeted customer group for the Spring Collection 2012 of Swarovski. ... Hence, this particular objective can be attained with due significance to effective and aggressive promotions of Swarovski’s seasonal collections which is quite famous worldwide and tends to attract the fashion lovers from the elite groups all around the world. 2.0 Stakeholders Analysis 2.1. Customer Analysis Swarovski’s target customers, specifically for the campaign regarding their Spring Collection, are observed to be the young people of the society and the niche sector. It is due to the fact that most of the products under the latest collection are designed in a manner which is more attractive to the young generation and tends to satisfy their desires regarding fashionable accessories to a large extent. Moreover, the price and the features of the products are mostly preferred by the niche fashion lover people of the society who can be stated as the secondary targeted customer group for the Spring Collection 2012 of Swarovski. Furthermore, Swarovski also targets the teenage group as its target customer group offering a versatile blend of designs and colours in the crystal products (Swarovski, 2012). It is in this regards, that the promotional campaign will be planned taking into concern the preferences of the young generation as the majority proportion of the targeted customers of Swarovski tend to belong from this market segment. The campaign will thus fundamentally focus on the young customers of the urban areas between the age-group of 15 years (i.e. the teenage group) to the age group of 27 (i.e. the young generation). Moreover, as the product range tends to focus on the female section of the targeted population to a large extent, the promotional campaign will also be developed taking this certain fact

Saudi Arabian 10th Five-Year Development Plan from 2015-2020 Essay - 19

Saudi Arabian 10th Five-Year Development Plan from 2015-2020 - Essay Example The main objectives 10th Five-Year Development Plan of Saudi Arabia are creating new job opportunities and diversification of the economy. The country thinks that if its economy does not diversify then enough job opportunities will not be created for the people living in Saudi Arab. This will reduce the prospects of job opportunities in the country when the reserves of oil will be finished in future. The economic development plan can create a good future for the company. In this development plan labour is the key priority for the country. Through this plan the country aims to promote its stability, growth and strengthen its economy (Arab News). The institutional reforms will be enhanced and Saudi Arabia will support civil institutions. It will try to improve the productivity and efficiency level of the state agencies. With the help of this 10th Five-Year Development Plan the country will enhance the principles of transparency and accountability for protecting the integrity of Saudis. The country will take effective measures to fight against corruption. The government will encourage different private sector industries of the country. This will enable the private companies in creating various employment opportunities. The country will implement meaningful and effective economic plan which will facilitate it in progressing towards diversification. Several measures are adopted in this plan to control Umrah operators. Saudi Arabia will try to lower down its inflation rate for making the economy stable. The business of SMEs will be encouraged by the country for increasing its GDP and employment rate (G20). The empowerment of National Competition Council is an important part of this plan. By implementing this 5year plan, Saudi Arab will enhance the competition level in various industrial sectors. The use of renewable energy will be encouraged by expanding the sources of this type of energy. The country will try to lower down the high consumption level of gas and oil i n the domestic sector. A national strategy will be implemented by the country for  developing a knowledge base society.  

GENETIC VARIATION IN B-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE PATHWAY AFFECTS BNP Research Proposal - 1

GENETIC VARIATION IN B-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE PATHWAY AFFECTS BNP LEVEL in the diagnosis of Heart failure - Research Proposal Example To help establish the outcomes, the study will be embedded on extracting DNA samples from 80 patients undergoing elective cardiac catheterization and analyzing with exclusion done on patients with elevated troponin. This will be driven by a detailed data collection including laboratory, standard demographic, catheterization and echocardiographic data. The Genotype will be evaluated at 19 loci on five BNP’s pathway relevant genes (Knowles, Erickson, Guy et al, 2003). To access the incremental influence of the genetic variants, the researcher will employ the Multivariate linear regression of logBNP model adjusted for clinical variables. The proposal will thus try to help properly incorporate the use of NPs to improve the levels of accuracy with respect to decisions made in an emergency setting to curb the missed incidence of diagnostic failures for HF. This will be measured by reduced cases of fatigue, dyspnea, and fluid retention that are all predisposing factors to HF based on cardiac dysfunction hence presenting difficulties in diagnosing HF. The missed incidence are hence strongly correlate to highly significant mortality increases, presenting the need for designing effective diagnostic tools with higher degrees of specification and sensitivity that if employed, can help weed out the increased cases of HF missed diagnose s and particularly, in the busy Heart failure is characterized by its typical but non-specific symptoms like fatigue, dyspnea and fluid retention caused by dysfunction of cardiac which present daunting challenges for diagnosis of HF culminating into increased missed incidence hence higher mortality rates. For this reason, the topic has captured the attention of various researchers to help design effective mechanism and approaches that can be used during diagnosis to detect this catastrophic cardiovascular disease quickly and accurately. For instance, to gauge the potentiality of NPs in augmenting the clinical judgment and/or standard

Week 2 ILAB Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 2 ILAB - Research Paper Example The sweetener is relatively safe in terms of both physical and chemical reactions. The sweetener reacts slowly with both cold and hot water. The sweetener is soluble in all liquids but its solubility depends on different temperature. However, it creates certain diseases such as diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus if consumed at high or low levels respectively. Different research studies show that sucrose is not associated with obesity, for example Bolton-Smith and Woodward found no relationship between bodyweight, and sugar intake in Australian adults aged between 25-64 years (Winsome Parnell, 2007). This data is in agreement with that of Gibson, who found no evidence that obese people in the United Kingdom were consuming a diet high in sucrose. A study carried out in New Zealand also showed that overweight adults did not have a high sugar intake than normal weight adults; obese children also gave the same results (Winsome Parnell,

Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journal - Assignment Example It allows me to be the best â€Å"me† I can possibly be. It also shows me sides of my personality that I might not otherwise know about. For me that is very valuable. When I first found out I would be required to demonstrate my counselling techniques and skills I was somewhat apprehensive. I wondered if I was ready to do that. I wasn't entirely sure if I would be able to measure up to the challenge, but as I thought about it more I began to realize that I had an inherent talent for counselling and that there was nothing to be concerned about. I believe I performed admirably during the demonstration. I realized there a lot of things about myself which I don't often think about. As I gave the demonstration I began to consider all the things that go into making a good counsellor. There are so many aspects of a person's identity that play a role in them being a sympathetic and professional counsellor. As Bitar, et al, write in their fascinating study of counselling, family origin, for example, can often play a major role: Family of origin experiences influenced the process in two main ways. First, several therapists chose theories that helped them work through their own family of origin issues. Second, family of origin experiences seemed to sensitize several therapists to particular models. For example, one participant was drawn to a model that directly addressed an already resolved but previously painful family of origin dynamic (115).

Questionable Hospitality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Questionable Hospitality - Essay Example However, the most striking statistic is the difference in pay rates amongst different travel areas around the world. Europe in particular is a very strongly growing travel destination and a great place to work as a human resources employee for a travel organization 2. Ever since the events here in the United States since 9/11, the hospitality industry has been suffering, whereas the industry has been growing exponentially in other parts of the world. Whenever catastrophic events such as 9/11 do occur, they always effect multiple industries, but it has been proven time and time again that it's usually only localized, and not permanent. This is apparent with the steady growth within the last couple years. In 2004 alone, the entire travel industry within the United States has grown in revenue by 7.6%, with profits increasing by 11.4% in the same time period 3. The strength of the American economy coupled with a renewed interest in travel is just a few of the factors effecting such growth. But probably the largest player in the recent spurt of production has to be within the human resources departments at many of these organizations. In the early years of the new millennium, many hospitality organizations were simply trying to brace for the effects of 9/11. With crackdowns in security at airports and hundreds of flight cancellations, most businesses within the United States lost a lot of their revenue. They could only offer odd hours to many of their employees to make up for their lack of labor funding, and often times couldn't afford to pay most employees like they used to. What 1would normally cause uproar within an industry was left fairly silent within most businesses. However, European and especially Caribbean hospitality industries experience an unparalleled amount of growth. According to a study of salary comparisons within human resource departments done in 1997, Caribbean employees were grossing approximately $48,000 USD for a salary, Europe averaging roughly 1$28,000 USD, compared with the world average of $22,000 USD 4. There are many factors that some businesses are finally starting to follow here in the United States which allowed these two areas to become so strong. Europe has many organizations which help the hospitality industry. It's always been within European culture to travel the world, it is the great land of exploration. One of the most prominent organizations within Europe effecting travel is ATOL (Air Travel Organizer's License), which is a type of travel insurance organization. It is a requirement within London for travel organizations to be ATOL protected. ATOL provides insurance to travelers who get stranded somewhere because a company or business is foreclosed, and additional travel insurance can be purchased from ATOL. This removes a lot of the work a human resources representative has to take care of, and gives them more time to focus on team building, skills training and marketing. Thus, employees of hotels and travel agencies can work better hours and are often trained better than in other parts of the world. The United States has an absence of such organizations, partially because of our strict policy of laissez-faire. Many b usinesses would benefit from a government sponsored organization such as ATOL within the United States. However, the focus has been on the human resources department

Equity and Debt Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Equity and Debt - Assignment Example The advantages of choosing equity financing reveal the compelling reasons why AMSC management felt the need to adopt floating shares in the market. Firstly, equity financing allowed the company to obtain a long-term relationship with investors ready to commit money in the company’s projects. Such an arrangement avoids short-term risks where the financial security offered by the funding party comes to an end after some time, such as in a loan agreement. Similarly, most investors in equity deals have preferences in the choice of projects to invest in, which attracts professional entrepreneurs. In this regard, equity relationships have safer business linkages by pulling passionate investors who add value in terms of business succession. Another advantage of equity financing relates to the overall reduction in outward cash-flow challenges that shrink liquidity. As opposed to debt financing, equity financing adds money to the business in the long-term, thereby reducing outflow challenges. Evans and Mellen (2010) noted a closely related advantage that touches on the long-term outcomes of additional investment without repayment obligations, which increases chances of growth. The long-term element of the equity relationship secures the growth prospects of a business as opposed to a debt that requires fixed repayment periods. Similarly, the investor bears the risk element of the investment made, which reduces the pressure of compulsory liability as seen in debt financing. The sharing outcomes of the partnership and shared ownership raises the confidence of the equity arrangement in facing risks. From these advantages, the management could have found grounds to make a decision to on engaging shareholders. As mentioned, equity financing also presents a fair share of disadvantages emanating from the opportunity cost against debt financing and other sources of capital. Firstly, equity financing implies

Physical Education Essay Example for Free

Physical Education Essay Brief Description of Teaching Approach Used by the Teacher: Direct instruction- a lecturing method of teaching because it can cover large amount of materials in a short period of time. Teaching Aids used Strengths Weaknesses Comments on Appropriateness of the Teaching Aids used Chalk board Handouts Books White board Used as a medium for verbal communication It is economical and reusable Aid learning and increase attention and motivation and help students to follow the development of idea. Could be react for instruction, recreation or entertainment Easier to hold and does not generate dust  It does not provide a permanent record This is a role of no confidence in students note taking, some of them may feel cheated because they took notes unnecessarily. Dependent about the ideas that is written in the book The white board background can cause problems to those with vision impairment The chalk board is often neglected and it does not get the proper care it deserves. Using handouts or not is an act management not simply of information-giving books are effective to use as an instructional tool because it makes students to think and understand clearly about the lesson  is effective to use because it does not generate dust that comes from using and erasing chalks Your Analysis 1. What do you think prompted the teacher to choose the materials/learning resources that she/he used? 2. What difficulties, if any, did the teacher experience? How can this be managed? 3. Over-all, were the learning resources /materials used effectively? Why ? Why not? Charlene Atig Technology is a tool for a meaningful learning. During our observation in a particular class a teacher used chalk board during her presentation of lessons. I think teacher prompted to choose the materials/learning resources that she used was it’s because she conceived that those aids was effective and suit to her students’ needs of learning. And in other cares, maybe a teacher can’t use a power point presentation it’s because there is no availability or lack of computers those instructional materials that can be used in teaching. A teacher should facilitate evaluative process by focusing students’ attention in the effectiveness, efficiency of instructional materials. Teacher experienced the difficulty especially students showing restlessness or boredom to the presentation. So, it is often helpful for a teacher to shoe genuine interest to the students. Or if not, she need to change her strategies in teaching, aside from using visual aid, it’s better to use power point presentation because it attracts students look and attention. I can’t say that all those learning resources/materials were effective in used to the students. Teacher was still need to adjust her plans to match the changing interest and needs of the learners. During the discussion, students show boredom about the presentation of the lesson because visual aid for me describe as a dry tool to be used to the learners. Maybe, until now, that aid is effective to some but using technology can create a meaningful learning that transmits students effectively. It is much better to use power point to present well the lessons clearly including some examples especially pictures. Ellvine Pia Bonocan During our observation, the instructional materials that were used by the teacher were chalkboard, whiteboard, handouts, and books. The very common teaching aids used in classroom. I think the teacher used those instructional materials because she thought that it would be more effective to use those things or strategies. Maybe she still not used to a power point presentation. At the time that we observed, the students were reporting about a particular topic given by their teacher. I think the difficulties that the teacher experienced were: she can’t manage the class and the way her students behaved while having a reporting because some were texting and some were chatting with their classmates. I guess, for the teacher to manage those unnecessary things done by her students during the reporting would become lessen if only if she will give her full attention to her students and telling the students to listen and stop doing something while the reporting is still going on. The learning resources were somehow not effective because for me using that instructional materials nowadays is dry and boring to look at. The students won’t focus on the report because they’ll feel bored looking the same things used in reporting. There is a need to enhance the ways or strategies that the teacher applied. She must tell her students to used power point in their report so that the class would be lively and they will focus in the reporting. There will be more interaction between teacher and students. To also developed student’s participation in class activities for that matter. Annie Rose Calumpang At this time and age, teachers have a wide a choices on what instructional materials to use. However, when I visited the classroom and observed what instructional materials or teaching aids that is used by the teacher the most common instructional materials used are the chalkboard, handouts, books, and whiteboard. Teacher used these instructional materials because its inexpensiveness and it is economical and reusable. When we observed a class, that time, the students are reporting about the topic that the teacher assigned to them. The difficulty I observed in the teacher she can’t handle the attitude of the students. Some of the students are talking and got bored in the report because the reporters does not explain their report they always read without analyzing the assigned topic. To manage this, teacher should tell the students to give a copy about their report to their classmates so that they will listen to the reports. The learning resource/materials are used effectively because students learning become more interactive through applying accepted learning theory. There is an interaction between students and teacher which can enhance the student’s participation or cooperation Roxanne R. dela Cruz The teacher might think that the materials she used might attract and will stand as a reminder to the students who see it. It could be a resourceful tool to student to master such learning objects. The difficulties of a teacher would be the strategy they’ll make if they are going to present pictures or illustrations to make it more clear and can easily understood. The materials were effective more some reasons but not enough for this new generation because the school has poor learning materials it might cause students to be NOT more competent and well-prepared in the future. Reflection Charlene Atig As a future MAPEH teacher someday, I will first have my self-evaluation for the improvement of learning. I used aids that create and contain well organized Teaching aid materials. In my case, I should prefer to use slide presentation because I think this aid present an applicable future understanding about the needs of the learners and can really enhance instruction. And at the end of the activity, students can gain competence in developing and utilizing materials (slide presentation) which involve students in meaningful learning. At this point student show interest to the lesson being presented. Ellvine Pia Bonocan Being a teacher is not that easy in fact it’s enjoyable dealing or teaching different type of students. If I put myself in the place of the teacher where we had our observation, the thing that I would do similarly is to give student’s reports so that they can practice facing people or the class and to help them develop their communication skills and to build self-confidence through reporting. The thing that I will do differently is to change the teaching strategy that was used by the teacher. If I will become a teacher soon, I want to make the students or class lively in a way that the students won’t get bored in the class because that is the only or reason why students don’t want to listen to the reports or discussions. So, to minimize this, you as a teacher, you must find ways to entertain student’s interests, you should have a sense of humor so that they’ll not get bored sitting and listening to the report or discussion. You must be patient enough to find  ways or strategies that will be suit to student’s interest to make your discussion more interactive and at the same time effective. So, to awaken them, you must tell your students to make their reports using a power point presentation because nowadays this is commonly used instead of using visual aids. They should learn how to use a power point presentation in reporting not to give their financial problem but to help them discover the use of technology nowadays because in this generation it’s really needed and useful. Annie Rose Calumpang If I were on the part of the teacher, the teaching skills that I would similar to her teaching strategies are the way I incorporate the instructional materials into a lessons like giving handouts to the students about the topic and the way I applied my teaching strategies to encouraged students to be active and alert during the learning process like asking question to the students about the topic, then each of the students should have an answered to that questioned, so that, there is an interaction between the teacher and the students to make learning process became more interesting. Then the different strategy that I would do to make students motivate well in the learning process before I discussed the lessons to the students, a number of questioned about the topic can served from the students to arouse their interest and focus their attention to the topic. As a whole, learning is meaningful when it is connected to the student’s everyday life. A good teaching enhanced students to interact in different classroom activities to make teaching learning possible. Roxanne dela Cruz As a student in the field of arts I’m going to make things clear and try my best to do more original illustration. I’ll motivate my students to learn more than just the content on the objects they see. Student-centered will be my primary objective.

Information System Business

Information System Business A system, whether automated or manual, that comprises people, machines, and/or methods organized to collect, process, transmit, and disseminate data that represent user information. The elements of an information system are Workload, Response time, Throughput, Resource utilization, Resource service time. In other words information system is a system in which all the data is stored, analyzed and output with all the options is given to the managerial level to make decision for the development of the business. It is a system which is helpful at levels of business. Information systems deal with the development, use and management of an organizations IT infrastructure. In the post-industrial, information age, the focus of companies has shifted from being product oriented to knowledge oriented, in a sense that market operators today compete on process and innovation rather than product: the emphasis has shifted from the quality and quantity of production, to the production process itself, and the services that accompany the production process. The biggest asset of companies today, is their information, represented in people, experience, know-how, innovations (patents, copyrights, trade secrets), and for a market operator to be able to compete, he/she must have a strong information infrastructure, at the heart of which, lies the information technology infrastructure. Thus, the study of information systems focuses on why and how technology can be put into best use to serve the information flow within an organization. Compare and contrast the roles of systems designers from systems builders. System Designer has to collect the information for the system to be designed. Than analyze the gathered information. Create a document to show how the system is going to functioning; what are the requirements, who are the users, what would be the environment for the system. System builders: Based on the system design document system builders develops a plan to build the system, resources needed to develop the system, resource utilization plan, time needed to build the system. What are the similarities and differences between business and data requirements? Business Requirement: A requirement is a description of what a system should do. Systems may have from dozens to hundreds of requirements. A requirement describes a condition to which a system must conform; either derived directly or indirectly from user needs. A requirement for a computer system specifies what you want or desire from a system. Requirements should be: unique in scope. Is this the only requirement that defines this particular objective? precise in wording. Are there any vague words that are difficult to interpret? bounded by concrete expectations. Are there concrete boundaries in the objectives? irrefutably testable. Can you build one or more test cases that will completely verify all aspects of this requirement? Data Requirement: To build or create the above business requirement data is needed to analyze the business requirements. Based on the data collected report is created to justify the business requirement. How does the concept of work-flow change the focus of a traditional information system? Workflow can be described simply as the movement of documents and tasks through a business process. Workflow can be a sequential progression of work activities or a complex set of processes each taking place concurrently, eventually impacting each other according to a set of rules, routes, and roles. Workflow is acknowledged in the industry for facilitating powerful and flexible process automation. It is a tool that both business users and IT professionals can use to automate business processes and track work as it moves through the organization ensuring that the right work gets to the right person at the right time. It can be scaled from a small departmental solution to an enterprise-level Business Process Management solution that supports thousands of concurrent users across multiple sites. By that productivity can be increased and managed. Workflow Management Systems Workflow Management Systems allow organizations to define and control the various activities associated with a business process. In addition, many management systems also allow a business the opportunity to measure and analyze the execution of the process so that continuous improvements can be made. Such improvements may be short-term (e.g., reallocation of tasks to better balance the workload at any point in time) or long-term (e.g., redefining portions of the workflow process to avoid bottlenecks in the future). Most workflow systems also integrate with other systems used by the organization: document management systems, databases, e-mail, office automation products, Describe the major aspects of a feasibility analysis. The feasibility of a project can be ascertained in terms of technical factors, economic factors, or both. It is a study documented with a report showing all the aspects of the project. Different Feasibility studies are as follows: Technical Feasibility. It refers to the ability of the process to take advantage of the current technology in pursuing further improvement. The technical capability of the personnel as well as the capability of the available technology should be considered. Technology transfer between geographical areas and cultures needs. Managerial Feasibility: It involves the capability of the infrastructure of a process to achieve improvement. Support of Management, Involvement of employee, and commitment are key elements required for managerial feasibility. Economic Feasibility: This involves the feasibility of the proposed project to generate economic benefits. A cost-benefit analysis is important aspects of evaluating the economic feasibility of projects. The tangible and intangible aspects of a project should be translated into economic terms to facilitate a consistent basis for evaluation. Financial Feasibility: It involves the capability of the project organization to raise the appropriate funds needed to implement the proposed project. Project financing can be a major obstacle in large multi-party projects because of the level of capital required. It is done to determine that whether it is worth to spend that much money according to the profit analysis. Cultural Feasibility. It deals with the compatibility of the proposed project with the cultural setup of the project environment. As an example: religious beliefs may influence what an individual is willing to do or not do. Social Feasibility. Social feasibility addresses the influences that a proposed project may have on the social system in the project environment. The ambient social structure may be such that certain categories of workers may be in short supply or nonexistent. The effect of the project on the social status of the project participants must be assessed to ensure compatibility. It should be recognized that workers in certain industries may have certain status symbols within the society. Safety Feasibility. Safety feasibility is another important aspect that should be considered in project planning. It refers to an analysis of whether the project is capable of being implemented and operated safely with minimal adverse effects on the environment. Political Feasibility. Political considerations often dictate direction for a proposed project. This is particularly true for large projects with national visibility that may have significant government inputs and political implications. Environmental Feasibility. Concern must be shown and action must be taken to address any and all environmental concerns raised or anticipated. It mostly done for bio technological projects.. Market Feasibility. The market needs analysis to view the potential impacts of market demand, competitive activities, etc. and market share available. Price war activities by competitors, whether local, regional, national or international, must also be analyzed for early contingency funding and debt service negotiations during the start-up, ramp-up, and commercial start-up phases of the project. What is scope creep? Give an example and describe methods for controlling creep. A scope creep means when an unavoidable or unexpected change occurs while the project development. It can also result in a project team overrunning its original budget and schedule. If budget or schedule is not increased along with scope, the change is usually considered an unacceptable addition to the project is known as scope creep. Methods for controlling creep : Expect that there will be scope creep. Implement Change Order forms early and educate the project drivers on your processes. A Change Order form will allow you to perform a cost-benefit analysis before scheduling changes requested by the project drivers. Be sure you thoroughly understand the project vision. Meet with the project developers and deliver an overview of the project as a whole for their review and comments. List the priorities. Make an ordered list for your review throughout the project duration. Items should include budget, deadline, feature delivery, customer satisfaction, and employee satisfaction Define your deliverables and have them approved by the project developers. Deliverables should be general descriptions of functionality to be completed during the project. Divide the approved deliverables into actual work requirements. The requirements should be as detailed as necessary. The larger your project, the more detail you should include. If your project spans more than a month or two, dont forget to include time for software upgrades during development and always include time for ample documentation. Break the project into major and minor milestones. Minor milestones span should not be more than a month. Whatever your method for determining task duration, leave room for error. When working with an unknown staff schedule 140 to 160 percent of the duration as expected to be delivered. If your schedule is tight, reevaluate your deliverables. Once a schedule has been created, assign resources and determine your critical path using a PERT Chart or Work Breakdown Structure. Your critical path will change over the course of your project, so its important to evaluate it before development begins. Follow the map to determine which deliverables must be completed on time. Describe PERT charts. What major elements are tracked? PERT (Program Evaluation and Review technique) A PERT chart is a project management tool used to schedule, organize, and coordinate tasks within a project. It is a methodology developed by the U.S. Navy in the 1950s to manage the Polaris submarine missile program. A PERT chart looks more like a flow chart and concentrates on the relationships between tasks and less on the timeline. PERT charts emphasize task relationships rather than time. Major Elements tracked are : Identify the specific activities and their milestones. Determine the proper sequence of the activities Construct a network diagram. Estimate the time required for each activity. It has 3 types of timing which are Optimistic time, Most likely time and Pessimistic time. Determine the critical path in the process. It is helpful to determine ES (Earliest Start Time), EF(Earliest Finish Time), LS (Latest Start time) and LF (latest Finish Time. Update the PERT CHART along the progress of project. Define Systems Analysis. Systems Analysis is a deep and through study of an existing system or the new system that has to be created. In it all the aspects are taken into condition like whether the new system would be helpful for the business to grow or run smoothly, Cost effective, improve the overall system process for the business. System Analysis more emphasis is given to understanding the details of an existing system or a proposed one and then deciding whether the proposed system is desirable or not and whether the existing system needs improvements. Thus, system analysis is the process of investigating a system, identifying problems, and using the information to recommend improvements to the system. An analysis report is generated and based on it system design document is prepared. Or Systems analysis of an operating system consists of the evaluation of the efficiency, economy, accuracy, and productivity of existing procedures measured against the stated objectives of the library; and the design of new procedures to satisfy the demands of management and user. What is a use case? What are the elements and how is it used? USE CASE: A Use Case is a top level category of system functionality (i.e.: Log on, Shut down, etc.). A Use Case has graphical representation and/or a text description. The diagram or description identifies all the actors (outside of the system) involved in the function, as well as an indication of how the Use Case is initiated. The collection of Use Case diagrams provides a ‘context diagram of system interfaces. Each Use Case constitutes a complete list of events initiated by an Actor and it specifies the interaction that takes place between an Actor and the System. In a Use Case the system is viewed as opaque, where only the inputs, outputs, and functionality matter. Components of USE CASE: The Use Case diagram just provides a quick overview of the relationship of actors to Use Cases. The meat of the Use Case is the text description. This text will contain the following: Name Case ID Brief Description SRS (software requirement specification)Requirements Supported Pre Post Conditions Event Flow The requirements in the SRS are each uniquely numbered so that they may be accounted for in the verification testing. These requirements should be mapped to the Use Case that satisfies them for accountability. What is the purpose of Primary and Foreign Keys on database tables? Primary key constraint is set a database table to make a record unique. In other words to avoid duplicate records primary key constrain is created. It can be on field or an combination of more than one field. Foreign key constraint is created to check a matching entry in another table which it refers. It is useful to link two tables with different details. It can have relationship like one to one or one to many. Foreign key is referenced by the primary key or unique key field in another table. BONUS Describe the similarities that exist between the Project Management, Systems Analysis and Information Systems lifecycles. Project Management Lifecycle System Analysis and Information System Lifecycle Phase I: Project Initiation Phase I System Initiation and Feasibility Study Phase II: Project planning Phase II Project Planning and Functional Analysis Phase III System Design Phase III: Project Execution Phase IV Programming Phase V Testing and Implementation Project Closure Phase VI Post-Implementation Evaluation

Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT) Essay -- Animal-Assisted Therapy Essays

For many humans, a pet provides unconditional love and affection. Others feel an overwhelming calming, happy feeling when they are around animals. According to The American Veterinary Medical Association, studies have shown that due to these positive emotions that are stirred, the presence of and interaction with animals can lower heart rates and blood pressure. Animals that meet specific training criteria can become an integral part of a treatment process for a variety of psychological and physiological problems. Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT), which can be provided in a group or individual settings, is designed to promote improvement in a human’s physical, social, emotional, or cognitive function. An article by Chitic, Rusu, and Szamoskozi (2012) provides an analysis in order to determine the value of AAT. Both dogs and horses that were trained for AAT were examined and studied to determine their effectiveness in treating patients with psychological disorders. The results showed that both therapy dogs and horses were valuable aids to the therapeutic process. The analysis suggests that proper training and repeated sessions were necessary for proper treatment of patients. In addition, certain disorders may benefit more than others in regards to AAT. For example, a child with ADHD may not benefit from a therapy dog’s presence, for it may worsen the hyperactive symptoms. On the other hand, a patient with depression may benefit greatly from the same animal (Chitic, Rusu, Szamoskozi, 2012). These findings are a perfect starting point to answering the research question: Do patients who engage in AAT display a betterment in their overall emotional well-being, as well as show improvement in their interpersonal interactions... ...dren with Pervasive Developmental Disorders." Western Journal of Nursing Research 24.6 (2002): 657-70. Print. Motomura, Naoyasu, Takayoshi Yagi, and Hitomi Ohyama. "Animal Assisted Therapy for People with Dementia." Psychogeriatrics 4.2 (2004): 40-42. Print. Tyberg, Amy, and William H. Frishman. "Chapter 6 - Animal-Assisted Therapy."Complementary and Integrative Medicine in Pain Management. By Michael I. Weintraub, Ravinder Mamtani, and Marc S. Micozzi. New York: Springer Pub., 2008. 115-24. Print. O’Conner-Von, Susan. "Chapter 14 - Animal-Assisted Therapy."Complementary & Alternative Therapies in Nursing. New York: Springer, 2010. 207-23. Print. Zilcha-Mano, Sigal, Mario Mikulincer, and Phillip R. Shaver. "Pet in the Therapy Room: An Attachment Perspective on Animal-Assisted Therapy." Attachment & Human Development 13.6 (2011): 541-61. Print.

matrix :: essays research papers

The Matrix Directed by the Wachowski Brothers â€Å"Buckle your seat belt Dorothy, because Kansas is going bye-bye.† -Cypher (Hugo Weaving) â€Å"Through all the action we’re trying to tell a story and there is a lesson to be learned. The movie has a meaning and a positive message. It’s a story for the fight for individuality and compassion and coming to terms with the world. It has such heart and soul.† -Keanu Reeves â€Å"Expect the unexpected.† -The Wachowski Brothers Written and directed by the Wachowski Brothers, released in 1999 Larry Wachowski was born on June 21, 1965 in Chicago, Illinois. His brother Andy Wachowski was born on December 29, 1967 in Chicago Illinois. They started out as comic book writers but then got into the movie business. Their first movie was Bound, which was released in 1996. The also wrote Assassins for Richard Donner. They wrote and directed The Matrix, and it was released in 1999. The Matrix won four Oscars, one Grammy, and an MTV Movie Award. They like to play the audiences perception so that the audience doesn’t know what is going to happen next. Keanu Reeves†¦Neo or Mr. Anderson  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Carrie-Anne Moss†¦Trinity Hugo Weaving†¦Cypher  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lawrence Fishburne†¦Morphius Sequence This sequence takes place towards the end of the movie. It begins in the lobby of the building where the agents are holding Morphius captive. Neo and Trinity are trying to rescue Morphius. When they walk into the building they must first get through the security guards before they can do anything else. After that they get on the elevator and then stop it. They then get on top of the elevator and shoot the wires after they attach a clamp that will take them to the top of the building. This sequence begins with a ground level pull back dolly shot of Neo entering a building through rotating doors. The camera straight cuts a reverse angle shot of Neo entering the building. The camera pans down to the bag that Neo is placing on to the conveyer belt that takes it through the x-ray machine. The camera straight cuts to the red lights that are flashing on the metal detector that Neo walked through. The camera pans down to Neo with a medium close up shot. There is a straight cut side angle shot of a security guard approaching Neo and asking him to remove any metal objects that he may be carrying. There is then a straight cut close up of Neo opening his trench coat and revealing the weapons that he is carrying.

CUBA: The Great Journey in Economic Development on the United State’s

CUBA: The Great Journey in Economic Development on the United State’s Doorstep Introduction A discussion of Cuba and the occurrences within the country over the last century is often surrounded by probing analysis as to the extent to which the Revolution of 1959 actually served as a change from past regimes. It is ignorant to evaluate the revolution in a vacuum, because past events that created the climate where such a change could take place. Yet it is also immature to state that 1959 was purely a product of history and previous revolutions. The story of the Cuban revolution and events since does not begin with the revolution itself. Rather, it starts from the political, economic, and social situations which evolved over centuries. The revolution of 1959 was not the first revolution to take place in Cuba. Political struggles within the state had been occurring for years trying to create a stable system that would provide the stage for Cuba to assume its possible level of economic development and growth. Additionally, there was a desire to release the pop ulation from dictator control. The rise of the leader Fidel Castro continues to mark a drastic divergence from previous leadership and policy. For this reason the political changes of 1959 and afterwards must be viewed as a revolution, a complete change of the political system and policy of Cuba. Moreover, after seizing control of Cuba, Fidel Castro implemented a very unique form of Communism often referred to as â€Å"Castroism.† Under Castro’s control – and with substantial help from the Soviet Union – Cuba flourished in a number of areas including health care and equality. This Communism and relationship with the U.S.S.R., however, led... ...kin, p. 53 [7] Rabkin, p. 50 [8] Rabkin, p. 54 [9] Rabkin, p. 54 [10] Peter Taaffe, Mai Cuba: Socialism and Democracy. 2000. http://www.slp.at/theorie/cuba_2.html [11] Peter Taaffe, Mai Cuba: Socialism and Democracy. 2000. http://www.slp.at/theorie/cuba_2.html. [12] Rabkin, p. 53 [13] Rabkin, p. 55 [14] Rabkin, 51. [15] Rabkin, p. 170 [16] Speech by Fidel Castro, December 6, 2002, attended by Kimberly Roberts [17] Plank, p. vii [18] Plank (Wriston), p. 32 [19] Plank (Wriston), p. 36 [20] Peter Taaffe, Mai Cuba: Socialism and Democracy. 2000. http://www.slp.at/theorie/cuba_2.html. [21] Peter Taaffe, Mai Cuba: Socialism and Democracy. 2000. http://www.slp.at/theorie/cuba_2.html. [22] Garza, Laura. â€Å"UN Condemns U.S. Embargo On Cuba† 1995. [23] Plank (Wriston), p. 40 [24] Rabkin, p. 53

PCI DSS and the Seven Domains Essay

1. Identify the touch points between the objectives and requirements of PCI DSS and YieldMore’s IT environment. The objectives and requirements for PCI DSS compliance is the same for every business wanting to accept credit card payments. There are 6 control objectives with 12 requirements. Control Objectives PCI DSS Requirements 1. Build and Maintain a Secure Network 1. Install and maintain a firewall configuration to protect cardholder data 2. Do not use vendor-supplied defaults for system passwords and other security parameters 2. Protect Cardholder Data 3. Protect stored cardholder data 4. Encrypt transmission of cardholder data across open, public networks 3. Maintain a Vulnerability Management Program 5. Use and regularly update anti-virus software on all systems commonly affected by malware 6. Develop and maintain secure systems and applications 4. Implement Strong Access Control Measures 7. Restrict access to cardholder data by business need-to-know 8. Assign a unique ID to each person with computer access 9. Restrict physical access to cardholder data 5. Regularly Monitor and Test Networks 10. Track and monitor all access to network resources and cardholder data 11. Regularly test security systems and processes 6. Maintain an Information Security Policy 12. Maintain a policy that addresses information security 2. Determine appropriate best practices to implement when taking steps to meet PCI DSS objectives and requirements. The best way to implement best practices is following the requirements. Some of the requirements listed above read like a guideline i.e. not using vendor supplied default passwords. Obviously you would want to make your own strong password that would be difficult to guess. 3. Justify your reasoning for each identified best practice. The justification for best practice is you want to make the credit card information as secured as possible. The company will be handling the income of people and if something goes wrong and people get access to the information the business will go under. No potential customer will want to do business with them. 4. Prepare a brief report or PowerPoint presentation of your findings for IT management to review. In order to better serve their customers, YieldMore wants to begin accepting credit card payments. In order for the company to begin the process of accepting credit cards it must first be PCI DSS compliant. PCI DSS is an information security standard. So the company has meet six objectives and each of those objectives has requirements that must be met to be compliant. The first objective is to build and maintain a secure network. Two requirements must be met in order for that objective to be met. First is to install and maintain a firewall configuration to protect cardholder data and do not use vendor-supplied defaults for system passwords and other security parameters. The second objective is protecting cardholder data. Two requirements are needed to meet that objective. Protect stored cardholder data and encrypting transmission of cardholder data across open, public networks are the requirements for the second objective. The third objective is to maintain a Vulnerability Management Program with using and regularly updating anti-virus software on all systems commonly affected by malware and developing maintaining securing systems and applications requirements. Implementing a strong access control measure objective would be easy to achieve. The requirements for the fourth objective is restricting access to cardholder data by business need-to-know, assigning a unique ID to each person with computer access, and restricting the physical access to cardholder data. The fifth objective is to regularly monitor and test networks. Tracking and monitoring all access to network resources and cardholder data is the first requirement. Regularly testing security  systems and processes is the other requirement. Maintaining a policy that addresses information security is the only requirement for the final objective, maintain an Information Security Policy. Once all these objectives are met then the company would be PCI DSS compliant.

Individual Assignment and Chart Essay

Curriculum history is important to educators just as the general history of a country is important to historians and politicians. Much can be learned from the successes and the failures of the past. Traditional education in Japan follows societal norms in stressing respect for order and for group goals. The schools stress self-evaluation, hard work, and organization. Schools actively teach morals and values in order to develop individuals of character that will function in society as educated and moral. Japanese formal education in began with adherence to Buddhism and Confucianism. Later, studies in sciences were added, and Japan slowly began to adopt more western styles of education. Briefly, the schools were used as military and nationalistic training grounds during WWI and WWII (Hood, 2001). Over the last fifty years, schools in Japan have been evolving further. After WWII, a call to return to leadership and societal welfare in education was initiated. Schools were strictly centered around community goals and common curriculums. In the 1980s, unfortunately, an increase in youth violence began to worry Japanese citizens about their future. Focus turned to the morals based education of centuries before. In the late 1990s, the cold war era was over. The Ministry felt as if they could relax the six day long weeks and long days (Japan, 2006). Part of this change in philosophy could be due to changes in competition for universities. Previously, competition for admission into Japanese universities was cutthroat, but now, with a reduction in the number of children being born, schools are competing for students (Hood, 2001). In a way, this has given students more power to seek the types of education they most need. In addition, Japan is also loosening its governmental hold on curriculum and allowing from more flexibility in curriculum through site-based decision-making (Komatsu, 2002). Schools are now able to select textbooks from a group of sources. Recently, controversy has arisen as to which history textbooks to choose. In 1997, a group was formed to create and market a revision of Japanese history for incorporation into school history textbooks. This group was primarily interested in revising the presentation of Japan’s execution of militaristic procedures. Unfortunately, even with its widespread promotion efforts, the revised textbook failed to gain a foothold in Japanese schools. Only a few private schools in one small area of Tokyo was willing to give the book a chance (Masalksi, 2002). Not all things in Japan’s educational system are open to change. Before, Japanese teachers had very little autonomy in determining what they would teach even though they held positions of high respect in the community. Now, individual schools and teachers will be able to decide on curriculum issues that best meet the needs of their students. â€Å"The general principle of curriculum organisation is changing from the idea of providing a common education for all children to one of providing different education for various children† (Komatsu, 2002, p. 53). The 2002 Rainbow Plan mirrors the change in philosophy towards more democratic ideals. The government is continuing to relinquish more control to the schools’ local administrations (Japan, 2006). In the future, Japanese education will continue to follow Western trends. One such trend will be in technology and information. While Japan is a world leader in electronics technology, its individual and student use of the internet lags behind. This is primarily because 80% of the internet content is in English. As a result, Japanese students need to be learning both spoken and written English and how to use the internet at younger ages (McCarty, 2000). Clearly, Japanese education will begin to include more intensive English and computer technology classes in early education for its students. Another trend in Japanese education must certainly be increased funding for higher education. Even though the number of teenagers in Japan is lower, over 40 % of them do attend universities. However, government funding for universities is low. Dr. Akito Arima, former Minister of Education, notes that while the United States spends about one percent of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on educational funding, Japan spends less than half of one percent in the same manner. However, Japan is second only to the United States in the number of students who attend college. The funding for private universities is even lower, even though 75% of college students attend private universities. â€Å"In this respect, one should note the contradiction between the high proportion of people who move on to higher education, and the low public expenditure ratio. This demonstrates that university education in Japan is seriously under-funded† (Arima, 2002). If college education remains under-funded, many secondary students may turn away from it, thinking that it has less to offer than before. If birth rates should rise in the future, this burden will become more pronounced. Funding will definitely have to be initiated in order to keep young students setting college educations as their goal. Ironically, the US and Japan seem to be crossing each other in the middle of the curriculum spectrum. While Japan is recognizing the individuality of each student and allowing him to seek his own educational goals with flexible programs of study, the US is getting much more rigid with the enactment of NCLB and strict state testing plans and pacing guides. One might wonder if the US will notice a similar increase in youth discontent as a result.

A Critical appreciation of Othello Act 1 Scene 1 line 41 – line 82, commenting upon Shakespeare’s portrayal of his characters

The passage, act 1 scene 1, lines 41 to 82, open with a long speech from Iago. Already, from the onset we see that he feels it is wrong to follow his master ‘ the Moor', demonstrated by the answer he gives to Roderigo's statement of: â€Å"I would not follow him then† – line 40, with, â€Å"O sir, content you.† – line 41 It is as if it were a discontenting thought to think that Iago actually really wanted to follow his master of his own accord. Iago expands on his opening statement, informing us that he is only following Othello for his own benefit, and informs us on his view of there being two types of knaves. The first, follows his master to help his master, works hard and is humble and actually enjoys his devoted service to his master; ‘Many a duteous and knee-crooking knave, That doting on his own obsequious bondage' line 45-46 But for all their hard work Iago feels that they get nothing back in return and in addition will be looked down upon and be seen in the same category as the ‘master's ass', as they only receive food and lodging (‘for nought but provender'), in return for years of dedicated service only to be dismissed without a second thought. This is not for Iago, he will not be used by others, but in turn wants to use others for his own benefit ironically using the cover of a used ‘honest' servant. It is this word ‘honest' that appears many times in the play and is used to mean different things, mainly trustworthy and truthful or simple and easily deceived. But when used in reference to Iago there is often a sense of patronisation or an indication of it intended as an insult to suggest stupidity. When Iago uses the word ‘honest in line 49 saying: ‘Whip me such honest knaves.' He shows the audience exactly how he views the perception of the word ‘honest' as he uses it to describe the foolish ‘duteous and knee-crooking knave'. Here Iago makes it clear how he understands the meaning of the word ‘honest' even though the use of the word is frequent and varied and of course deliberately ambiguous in other references in ‘Othello'. Iago now moves onto the second type of knave, which he associates himself with: these knaves outwardly give off the appearance of hard working and submissive servants, but inwardly they are working for their own agendas. Even though these knaves look as though they are sacrificing a lot for their masters with little apparent return, in fact they are using their masters to their advantage better than their masters are using them. Therefore in paying service to Othello he is in effect paying service to himself. This gives an impression of selfishness but we must remember that just because Iago is not a master, does not make him feel that to serve a master is a privilege. Therefore, like people who are more fortunate than him and are higher in the social and military rank, he too wants people to devote their lives to him. As he can't have this, it is only natural that he would want to get something out of this ‘relationship', (though in the end circumstances do get out of hand and develop into tragedy.) The second type of knaves who are ‘trimmed in forms and visages of duty, yet keep their heart attending on themselves' (lines 50-51) Iago feels that: ‘ These fellows have some soul' – line 54 This suggests that Iago sees this deceit and pretence in a man as character and qualities to be admired and respected for: in fact the reverse of societies view of men who lie and plot others' downfall. Iago has already introduced the theme of deceptive appearances, and that actions and true thoughts or feelings have nothing in common. Therefore no one can judge or analyse someone else's actions without knowing how that person feels, and even with this knowledge, one can still not understand or appreciate the character's motives. These issues are demonstrated in Iago's following lines: ‘Were I the Moor, I would not be Iago; In following him, I follow but myself. Heaven is my judge, not I for love and duty, But seeming so for my peculiar end.' Lines 58-61 Iago's mysterious statement ‘Were I the Moor, I would not be Iago' indicates that the Moor symbolises authenticity and all things genuine while Iago stands for falseness and deceit. Therefore one cannot be the other as they are opposites and work antagonistically. Therefore we are faced with the common ‘good against evil' presentation, (which later proves evil to be the winner). It seems that Iago sees himself and Othello as opposites and therefore Othello will never be able to understand Iago, and therefore can not understand his deceitfulness and plotting against his ‘friends' and Iago will never be able to comprehend Othello's love for Desdemona as a thing of beauty and purity. Thus Iago can only make the tragedy happen by manipulating what is good and sowing the seeds of doubt. Iago comments that he is not seeking ‘love and duty' and so we start to wonder at how Iago will ‘ thrive by them' from his ‘peculiar end.' This last statement suggests that nobody will understand Iago's motives or the passion which drives his actions because even Iago refers to his end as ‘peculiar' and therefore as people will not be able to see it from Iago's point of view they will wrongly assume that he is a psychopath or mental. The lines: ‘†¦not for love and duty, But seeming so for my peculiar end' create dramatic tension and suspense, making the audience wonder what Iago could possibly have in store for them. Therefore, Shakespeare has written this line deliberately ambiguous to arouse curiosity in the viewers. Ironically, line 60 includes: ‘Heaven is my judge' this is the same heaven that does not intervene in any of the unfolding tragedy even though Cassio, Desdemona, Othello and even Emilia call to heaven for blessings and protection. Iago feels that honesty and sincerity are weaknesses that make you more open to attack and therefore more vulnerable. It is here that a hint of insecurity is detected in Iago as it seems it is in his nature to envy those whose character or situation is in any way superior to his own thereby leading to Iago suffering from a sense of injured merit. He seeks to destroy anything which by its very superiority threatens his self-love and he is always finding ways in which he feel that Othello and Cassio have slighted him. Thus he cannot control this feeling of rejection and it grows on him making him feel insecure and wanting to take revenge on those who make him feel belittled. Also, maybe Iago thinks that he can not ‘wear my heart on my sleeve for draws to peaks at' as he can not reveal his true soul to anyone because then he will no longer be able to hide behind a mask or character which what is known about them is false, which will make Iago feel more safe, again pointing to Iago feeling insecure. Iago ends his speech with a paradox: ‘ I am not what I am'. This is in effect summarising Iago's speech into saying that what people conceive him to be is not the real him, and the real him will never be revealed for people to comprehend, so people will never ‘see' the real genuine Iago. This of course is the main reason Iago manages to deceive Othello and this is also a problem for Rodrigo, but at this stage Rodrigo does not pick up on this point, as he is a bit slow to say the least. It is rather ironical that Iago only reveals his true intentions and plans to Rodrigo who is the only person too stupid to really understand their full implications, highlighted by Rodrigo's random and abstract comment: â€Å"What a full fortune does the thick-lips owe, If he can carry it thus!† Lines 67-68 Next we see Iago at his best: making havoc. Iago plainly delights in his own skill at causing chaos and his desire to make another human as unhappy and miserable as possible. When he plans to wake Brabantio, and ‘poison his delight', he maximises Brabantio's humiliation at the dishonour of it by telling Rodrigo to ‘proclaim him in the street'. Iago seems to get carried away by his lust in planning to tell Brabantio of his misfortune saying ‘plague him with flies' and ‘incense her kinsmen'. This of course is an example of Iago's two faced nature as to Brabantio he seems to be on his side by informing Brabantio of his daughter's secret liaison with Othello, yet in the next scene, Iago is seen with Othello acting as the faithful manservant.  Read also Critical appreciation of the poem â€Å"Old Ladies’ Home†. Even though Iago wants Rodrigo to call out to Brabantio, he can not help himself adding to Rodrigo's feeble and polite attempt at calling Brabantio with loud and alarming phrases and cry's of ‘Thieves,' repeated four times to make Brabantio feel as uncomfortable and worried as possible. It seems that Iago is drawing out the situation and going the round about way of telling Brabantio what has happened, to leave Brabantio in suspense and confusion for as long as possible. Iago's energy and excitement is conveyed in the pace and thrust of Iago's poetry or prose. In Iago's soliloquy-like speech (lines 41- 66) poetic images and long words do not slow the quick movement, like the agile darting of Iago's mind constantly on the look out for new niches to get in and use to his advantage. The light punctuation helps keep the fasted paced childlike enthusiasm. Iago's speeches are full of ambiguous and mysterious phrases, these highlight his double character that is in fact a paradox in itself and often seem to present two conflicting and antagonist characters, even though they are both represented through Iago. There seems to be no fixed sentence length with many varied disjointed phrases helping make up Iago's speech and present his rush of ideas and force of feeling. This passage is really a platform for the ‘plotter' Iago, to reveal his true feelings on his relationship with Othello and how he intends to use his service to Othello and the social role he is expected to play as a base for his deceit and ruin of other characters. Therefore dramatically this is an intimate scene between the audience and Iago (with Rodrigo, as merely an excuse for Iago to speak) where they are invited to see events and situations from Iago's point of view. This low-key plotting and the later loud disruption caused by Iago to wake Brabantio, is further indication of how quickly and easily i.e. how flexible, Iago can be to change to suit the situation to deceive characters, manipulate trust and ultimately cause a tragedy through his consuming hatred for seemingly all things good and beautiful.