Science in the community-Morrisons Essay Example for Free

Science in the partnership-Morrisons EssayA bit about MorrisionsMorrisons is the UKs unrivalled-quarter largest food retailer with over over 450 stores. The products sold be mainly groceries and food a unique point is that they source and work out most of the saucy food that they sell though their own manufacturing facilities in fact they get down the most people preparing food in their stores than any other supermarket. The business started in 1899 as market st wholly by Bradford Morrison and has gradually expanded to be what it is now in 2011. How Morrisons Contributes to the economyMorrisons does a lot of things which contribute to the economy. adept of this is that it creates 124,000 jobs all around the country. It has provided over 1 million training days and provides skills for its workers if they wish to move up they professional ladder as 30% of sr. management started on the shop floor. This contributes massively to the economy as it dumbfounds a multiplier affe ct if people pull in jobs then they have money to pass away on other businesses which benefits these other businesses. The fact that they have money now means they can wear more tax which is also inclusive of businesses who pay more tax if they make more profits. This tax can then be used of critical services such as education and health and the boost in successful business lead to a better economic growth which is something this economy needs right now due to the falloff and job cuts.Morrisons are also encouraging healthy, balanced lifestyles by labelling products with nutritional information and well-favoured tips on healthy eating This is important to the economy as healthy eating reduces the chances of health problems in the future which saves our more of our tax money which means the money could be going to something which would be more full to the economy.How Morrisons manages its waste materialMorrions actively watches its energy consumption and make sure it promotes efficient energy measures. In regards to waste they monitor chain waste from place of origin to death to make sure it meets duty of care responsibilities. Morrisons standardized to make sure they have a little waste as possible so they have a lot of rules and targets regarding their waste one of them being to produce zero waste direct to landfill from stores by 2013 and another one being to have 10% package reduction on own brand packaging by 2012. They also have their own bags for life to reduce the need of overbold plastic bags being used which reduces the amount of plastic bags needed to be made. In fact as a result of this 631 million carrier bags have been saved.Use of ICT in data managementA lot of ICT is used in Morrisons for all sorts of functions some of them beingElectronic Point of Sale (EPOS) measuring stick codesself-importance scanning storesElectronic funds transfer at point of saleEnergy management systemsElectronic Point of SaleEPOS is a self contained, computeri zed equipment which undertakes all the task of a store checkout counter. It allows payments by bank and credit cards. It verifies transactions, it can provide sales reports, it coordinates inventory data and performs some(prenominal) other services which were normally provided by employees in the earlier years.Bar CodesA barcode is a series of vertical bars of varying widths, in which each(prenominal) of the digits zero through nine are represented by a different pattern of bars that can be read by a laser scanner. This is found on every product at morrsion and is what the EPOS scans.Self scanning storesSelf-scanning checkout, also known as self checkouts is an automated process that enables shoppers to scan, bag, and pay for their purchases without the need for human assistance.Electronic funds transfer at point of scaleEFTAPOS allows customers to pay for their shopping using a debit or credit card instead of cash. The money is taken electronically from the customers bank account and paid to the supermarkets account.Energy management systemsAn energy management system (EMS) is a system which uses computer-aided tools to monitor, control, optimize performance and conserve energy around Morrisons.Technological DevelopmentCosts to the retailerBenefits to the retailerEPOSExpensive to set up and maintainStaff need to be trained- costly and fourth dimension consumingMore efficient- more customers can be served whilst customer service is improved because things like more eye contact and friendly can be usedBetter accuracy with adding up totalsBar CodesScanners cannot read barcodes which are crumpled sometimes making the work harder.Employees have to be trained on how to work barcodes which takes timeMore efficient, lots of products can be scanned in little time.Self scanning StoresICT is prone to issues especially with self checkouts. They can sometimes end up being more time confusion than advertisedReduces the amount of jobs lendable which is bad for the econo myMore time efficient for both customers and employees as more can be done in a shorter period of timeGives customers more options which could attract them to Morrison even moreEFTPOSLots of money has to be spent on the security of networksExpensive to set upCustomers dont have to carry lots of money around which would be more prone to being lostEnergy Management SystemsExpensive to set up and train staffExpensive to maintainReduces cost for Morrisons as it saves money on energyBetter business reputation as people testament know Morrisons is being energy effieicnt which could increase overall businessDemand on transport and communication systemsMorrisons has 455 stores nationwide so deliveries are made all around the UK to these superstores mainly by lorries which travel along all the main motorways such as the A14 and the M11. Lots of key products such as produce are delieved to many different stores everyday so this puts a lot of demand on lorries as the main transport system. Pl anes and ships are also used for many items brought oversees such as bananas and this too is a regular occurance which put strain on those transport systems.Morrison also has a lot of demand with communication systems as they use all forms of communications including phones, email and letters which it uses for its customers, suppliers and shareholders. This is because things like shopping can now be done online, or through the phone so there is no need to always go to a store. Shareholders can also be far off making it hard to communicate show to face which is which there is such demand with phones and letters.Effects on the community and the environmentThe main effect Morrisons has had on the economy and the effect they pry themselves one is their encouragement of healthy fresh foods. They promote at 50 fresh foods every week as well as labelling nutritional information and giving information on healthy eating. This has helped to make the community a lot more healthy which leads t o less health problems.Every year they also carry a national charity, this year they are supporting Help the Hospices and they managed to raise 3.1 million. The chief executive said The partnership with Morrisons has been a huge success and we are absolutely delighted to have raised over 1.3 million for hospice care. This is a fantastic achievement and is testament to the dedication of Morrisons colleagues, who have really taken the hospice cause to their hearts. Morrisons has also affected the wider community by linking up with one foundation and stocking its products of which 100% of profits go towards building vegetable gardens, sanitation blocks and water pumps in places like Africa and Asia.Morrisons are very concerned about the environment so to a lot of things to minimise their effect on it. They try to minimise their emissions and one C footprints and they also recycle as much as they can encouraging their customers to do so also. They are the first supermarket to be award ed the carbon trust standard.Bibliography controlWebsiteUsed for18.11.11http//www.morrisons.co.uk/Corporate-Old2/Corporate-Social-Responsibility/Environment/Preventing-waste/How Morrisons prevent waste18.11.11http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/electronic-point-of-sale-EPOS.htmlDefinition for EPOS21.11.11http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_management_systemDefinition of energy management system22.11.11http//www.morrisons.co.uk/Corporate/Corporate-responsibility-2011/Society/Good-neighbours/Supporting-the-local-community/How morrisons supports the communityHaving finished it yet high but ill finish it by the weekend and reupload it in a workshop lesson if thats ok.

Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points Essay Example for Free

Hazard analysis and Critical Control Points EssayExplain critical control points (CCPs) This is a point, step or procedures at which control do- nonhing be applied and feed safety hazard can be eliminated or curtaild these steps are called assessing the hazard and identifying critical control points. epitome and explain the steps of the HACCP system The purpose of the HACCP system is to identify, monitor and control dangers of food contamination. Assess hazards Identify critical control points Set up standards or limits for CCPs Set up procedures for monitoring CCPs Establish corrective actions Set up a record keeping system Verify the system is working. HACCP stands for Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points. It is an internationally recognized based food safety system. On preventing, elimination and reducing hazards it identifies and deals with the hazards before it occurs. HACCP recognized the best behavior to eliminate, reduce or control hazards in a food handling indu stry or the environment. HACCP first identifies potential food safety problems and determine the best way to prevent them food safety hazards, or Allergenic Biological Chemical Physical Explain the difference of psychrophiles and mesophiles Psychrophiles (cold loving).Microorganisms particular bacteria put on a preferential temperature for growth at less than 590(150 Celsius) Mesophiles Microorganisms on earth belong to the group of mesophiles. It grows best in temperature surrounded by 100- 500c. They are formed in soil and water environment. Masts of dangerous mesophiles are staphylococci, aureus, and salmonellas, sp, proteus where they live is one way because of the temperature they need to grow, and they can cause the food to spoil. Explain the difference between Aerobic and anaerobiotic bacteria Aerobic Aerobic bacteria takes place in the absence of oxygen and food substances are partially broken.Anaerobic Anaerobic means without oxygen and human needs oxygen to breathe. Exp lain anaerobic bacteria Anaerobic bacteria can survive without the presence of oxygen. They are 3 types of obi gate anaerobic. List three (3) ways that cross contamination can be prevented during Storing Service Handling/Preparation Storing Separate raw zoology foods such as eggs, fish, meat and poultry away from each other and also ready to eat foods. Store raw meat and cooked meat on different shelves in freezer preferably raw meats at the bottom shelf to prevent drippings or leaking substance from meat while storing. Service.A sluttish work area and cooking utensils is required such as sterilized counter top, cooking utensils and also a mediocre environment is needed. A clean table and linen is vital to prevent cross contamination Preparation Prepare food on clean surface to prevent the spread of germs. never use the same cutting board you use to prepare raw meat to prepare vegetables. List pentad (5) way foods may be examine during the following in order to control and tempe rature Preparing foods Receiving and storing foods Preparing foods Preparing food at the control time and temperature Wash your hands properly Cook and cool foods the right way.No handling of foods with bare hands always use a tong, gloves, paper towels and spoons Take out just the amount of food needed When preparing salad and sandwiches spreads These foods must not be left at room temperature When making these food always start with the cold ingredients first Keep cook foods at a commensurate temperature to prevent the growth of bacteria Do not leave food out for more than 30 mins. or until properly cooled then store Receiving and storing foods icebox must be set at the appropriate temperature to prevent or limit the growth of pathogenic bacteria that may be present in ready-to-eat- foods.Obtain food ingredients and packing material from approved sources that are regulated by the necessary authorities. Receiving food at proper temperature when getting perishable food this must b e place in cold storage immediately upon arrival. Storage Maintain temperature control to limit the growth of bacteria for eg. Store potentially hazardous or ready to eat foods under refrigeration you may set critical limit for refrigeration to operate at 380F List five ways that you can control and eliminate pests Moisture control Repair leaking roots clean gutter and downspout Exclusion.Keep door, windows and vents screened and well sealed Store items in plastic Sanitation Keep trash containers clean and covered Prevention Eliminate wood to ground contacts use gravel or rock instead of wood mulch Mechanical Controluse snap traps for mice and rat. Prepare a flow chart showing CCPs for the following menu.Bibliography http//www. google. com http//www. en. wikipedia. org/ http//www. en. m. wikipedia. org/ http//www. searchhyahoo. com http//www. agric. gov. ab http//emotes. com http//www. wikianswer. com http//google. coo/ http//www. kingcouty. gov/.

User Level Rootkit: Computer Security Systems

User Level Rootkit Computer Security SystemsHamid TarmazdiSohaib Irshad1 cosmosLet us have a look at the definition of the word. The word has two comp one and only(a)nts, root and kit. Root is usually a UNIX/Linux term that is utilize for administrators just like we do in Windows. The word kit is used to denote the programs that allow someone to gain illegal access to root/admin train of the computer by executing some programs in the kit. All of this is done without the consent or knowledge of the end-substance absubstance abuser.This document is the final report on the user level rootkit developed by our team. It contains new and updated information from previous documents. The general aspects are discussed to provide a overview on rootkits in general and specifically user level rootkits. Different features have been described with principle snippets or pseudo reckon depending on complexity and length of the code. The aim has been to make this document as self equal as possible , so the reader can gain information on rootkits and user level rootkits and then proceed to flesh outs of implementing one.2 Usage on that point are two primary usances for rootkit.Backdoor remote command or control of the computerSoftware eavesdropping.Rootkits are used to administratively control a computer, both through legitimate means or otherwise. This means that one can execute files, access logs, monitor the user activity and even able to swap the computer configuration. If we consider the strict definition of rootkit, even some versions of VNC are rootkits.One mannequin of the rootkit use was by Sony BMGs attempt to install a software on user machines to prevent copyright violations.3 PropagationRootkits do not propagate by themselves. They are one single per centum of three part component which we call as Blended Threat. A blended threat has three snippets of code that are dropper, loader and rootkit itself.Dropper initializes the inductance of the rootkit. Dropper is usually activated through human intervention (read error) for example clicking a spiteful link. After it initiates, it executes loader program and then deletes itself to avoid any detection. After the loader has been activated, it causes a buffer overflow which then loads the rootkit into the memory. One of the recent examples of such an attack are through propagation of malicious links through social media sites (Facebook and Twitter). After clicking a malicious link, the rootkit takes control of the client and then sends out messages to every contact on the list. Other example is through Rich content such as PDF files. Just opening such files will execute dropper code and the rootkit is subsequently installed, infecting the computer.4 Types of Rootkits in that location are several types of rootkits that we can discuss.4.1 User-mode rootkitsSuch rootkits usually put up on a computer with administrative rights. This allows the usermode rootkits to change security options and hide outline processes, files, governance drivers, block network ports and system services. These rootkits remain on the infected computer through copying of required files on target computers heavy(p) drive and launch automatically with every system reboot.4.2 Kernel-mode rootkitsBecause the user-mode rootkits can be found by rootkit detection softwares running in nitty-gritty mode, malware developers developed kernel mode rootkits. They placed the rootkit in the same level as operating system and rootkit detection software. In other words, the Operating system could not find the rootkit.4.3 User-mode/kernel-mode hybrid rootkitSome malware developers designed the hybrid of both the rootkits, user-mode for higher stability and kernel mode for greater stealth ability. It is the near triple-crown and most popular rootkit at this moment.4.4 Firmware rootkitThe next sophisticated form of rootkit is firmware rootkit. It is a very complex and harder to detect rootkit. It hides itsel f into the firmware of the computer and set up every time the PC gets rebooted. It can be installed with any firmware such as microprocessor code to PCI expansion card firmware.4.5 Virtual rootkitThese are the most new kind of rootkit in the industry and the most difficult to detect. It acts like a software implementation of a hardware set in a manner similar to used by VMware. Such rootkits are almost invisible. One of the examples of such rootkits is Blue Pill.5 Polymorphism and Detection of RootkitsPolymorphism is one of the techniques that make us difficult to find and remove malwares such as rootkits. It is defined as the ability by the rootkit to rewrite the core assemblycode that makes antivirus pr antispyware signature based defenses useless.6 HistoryThe term rootkit or root kit genuinely is attributed to maliciously modified set of admin- istrative tools in a Unix OS that is granted a root access. If an intruder substitutes the standard administrative tools on a system w ith a program such as rootkit, the intruder could gain root access over the system whilst at the same time obscuring these activities from the legitimate system administrator. These rootkits known as first generation rootkits were prosperous to detect using the tools such as Tripwire. First documented computer virus was discovered in 1986. It used cloaking techniques to hide itself. The Brain virus intercepted more attempts to read the boot sector and then made sure these attacks are redirected to elsewhere on the disk. These disks contained confidential data and also a copy of the original boot sector. Over time, DOS-virus cloaking methods have become more sophisti- cated, with the usage of advanced techniques including the hooking of low-level disk INT 13H BIOS interrupt calls to hide unauthorized modifications to files.7 FeaturesThis theatrical role contains information on general piecealities of the rootkit developed by our team. Feature set is divided into small tasks and t hese tasks are individually completed and integrated.7.1 Achieved functionalityFollowing is a comminuted breakdown of the feature set including implementation expounds.The rootkit shall be installed through modifying LD PRELOAD to pre-load our dynamic subroutine library with our functions to replace their original counterparts in standard C library.The rootkit shall hide LD PRELOAD environment variable.The rootkit shall start automatically on user login.The mechanism of the rootkit must be hidden.7.2 Subtasks7.2.1 req.1To achieve req.1 we have finished sideline sub tasks A sample C program which makes a call to a method from standard C library.A sample dynamic library which redefines the function called in our program.Modifying LD PRELOAD to preload our custom library. modify the modified function to also run the original function in addition to the modified code to avoid breaking functionality.Acceptance criteria req.1 After successfully executing sub-task 4 running the prog ram created in sub-task 1 would result in execution of the modified function in our library created in sub-task 2 in addition to running the original function from standard C libraries. This gives the capability to spy on user program, modify its input/output,etc. Achieving req.1 allows us to run our code within a user program.7.2.2 req.2Following subtasks are finished for req.2.Identify the functions used to retrieve LD PRELOAD by programsHook the functions to hide LD PRELOADAcceptance criteria req.2 The function to check environment variables is getenv, when hooked it should not return the value for LD PRELOAD.7.2.3 req.3To achieve req.3 following tasks have been perusedCreate a volume for initiating the rootkit. We have created a pseudocode for our script which puts our preload library into /lib.Modify /etc/ld.so.preload to include an entry for hooking the dynamic library we have placed in /lib.Acceptance criteria req.3 A script which successfully copies the library and applies the changes to preload when executed.7.2.4 req.4To hide the rootkit, the rootkit file and entry must be hidden. For more detail on hiding please refer to Section 9.Identify the functions involved in listing files The functions are identified in itemization 6.Hook these functions to hide our mechanism. Modified version of 6 out of 8 functions are coded.Acceptance criteria req.4 In order to hide the rootkit, the folder containing the rootkit or the rootkit files and any script must be hidden in addition to hiding LD PRELOAD(req.2). The files and folder of the rootkit shall not be visible.8 ImplementationFollowing we have details on implementation of the different features.8.1 req.1Sub-task 1Following C program is used as a sample program to demonstrate the mechanism.Listing 1 Sample C Programinclude main()printf(This is a valid program.)Sub-task 2We have used printf function as an example for demonstration of this feature, modified version is compiled into a shared dynamic library u sing the following commands gcc -fPIC -c -o fakeprintf.o fakeprintf.cgcc -shared -o libfakeprintf.so fakeprintf.oArgument -fPIC is for position independent code to used in dynamic linking.Listing 2 fakeprintf.cdefine GNU SOURCE include int printf(const char format, ) Sub-task 3To modify LD PRELOAD we can run the following command export LD PRELOAD=$PWD/libfakeprintf.soNow when we run our sample C program there will be no output as the printf function in the modified library will get executed instead of the original printf.Sub-task 4To run the original function in addition to the modified function, we pauperization to obtain a pointer to the original function using dlsym 2 with the argument RTLD NEXT. Code in Listing 3 shows how rmdir has been hooked to prevent from removing the rootkit files while property the functionality of the said function intact everywhere else.Listing 3 fakermdir.cdefine GNU SOURCE include int rmdir(const char pathname) typeof(rmdir) clean rmdirclean rmdir = dlsym(RTLD NEXT, rmdir) /*return if pathname contains rootkit files */return clean rmdir(pathname)8.2 req.2Sub-task 1The function to retrieve environment variables is getenv 1. Sub-task 2The modified version in Listing 4 prevents from retrieving LD PRELOAD. However this method has not been successful in hiding the environment variable.Listing 4 fakegetenv.cdefine GNU SOURCE include char getenv(const char name) typeof(getenv) clean getenvclean getenv = dlsym(RTLD NEXT, getenv) /*return nada if name contains LD_PRELOAD */return clean getenv(name)8.3 req.3The script to install the rootkit follows the pseudocode 5.Listing 5 install.shcompile and copy rootkit.so to /lib remove sourcemodify /etc/ld.so.preload to hook rootkit.so export LD PRELOAD=$PWD/rootkit.so8.4 req.4Sub-task 1List of functions that need to be hooked are in Listing 6. More detail on hiding is providedin Section 9.Listing 6 functionsstat, fstat, lstatInformation about a file, Filter the rootkit files rmdirPrevent remo val opendir, fdopendirFilter the rootkit directory readdir, readdir rPrevent reading the rootkit directorySub-task 2We have coded the hooked functions for stat, fstat, lstat, rmdir, readdir, readdir r. More detail on how to hide the rootkit by hooking this functions in next section.9 HidingDue to their importance the hiding techniques are discussed in more detail in this section. To hide the files/folders the functions which are used to access or get information on these must be hooked. To have a bash which does not show the rootkit files the LD PRELOAD for running the bash have to be hookedLD PRELOAD=/lib/libselinux.so bash -lThe list of functions to be hooked for this purpose is listed in Listing 6, the method on hiding the file/folder is similar so one example is given in Listing 7. All the functions in Listing 6 must be hooked according to the example in Listing 7.Listing 7 Hiding the rootkitdefine GNU SOURCE include int lstat(const char file, struct stat buffer) if(to be hidden (file)) errno = ENOENT return 1return clean lstat(file,buffer)The function to be hidden returns true for each of the files(examplerootkit.so or ld.so.preload) or folders containing files related to the rootkit. Applying this hook to functions in Listing 6 will cause them to skip any file related to the rootkit.References1 Linux man page getenv. http//linux.die.net/man/3/getenv 2 Linux man page dlsym. http//linux.die.net/man/3/dlsym

Estimation of Desloratidine and Montelukast by UV

Estimation of Desloratidine and Montelukast by UVSIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF DESLORATIDINE AND MONTELUKAST IN COMBINED PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM BY UV SPECTROSCOPYETTA.NAVEEN KUMAR*, D.SIREESHA, VASUDHA BAKSHI. mouse A simple, accurate,precise and economical procedure for simultaneous estimation of Desloratidine and Montelukast in combined anovulatory drug dosage form has been developed utilizing concept of simultaneous equation method. The method is based upon determination of Desloratidine at 269nm and Montelukast at 283nm in methanol. Different analytical parameters such as linearity, precision, accuracy and ruggedness were determined according to ICH guidelines. Deslortidine and Montelukast at their various(prenominal) wavelength shows linearity in the preoccupancy scarper of 5-30 mcg/ml and 2-22mcg/ml.respectively.The method was validated statistically. The results of analysis formulation given as percentage of label form of address were found to be c.4% and 101.% for De sloratidine and Montelukast respectively. Therefore, the proposed method can be utilise for the routine analysis of two drugs simultaneously in quality control laboratories.Keywords Desloratidine, Montelukast,simultaneous estimation, methanol conceptionDesloratidine(DES) is chemically 8- chloro-6, 11-dihydro-11-(4-piperdinylidene)- 5H benzo5,6cyclohepta1,2-bpyridine.Desloratidine is a anti- histamine clinically effective drug in the treatment of Asthama. It is soluble in methanol, ethanol, water and practically insoluble in acetonitrile. Montelukast (MON),is2-1-((1R)-1-03-(E)-2-(7-chloroquinolin-2-yl)ethenylphenyl-3-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-)phenylpropylsulfanylmethyl)cyclopropylacetic acid is a widely used as Anti-arrhythmatic and Anti-asthamatic agents. Montelukast and Desloratidine is available in combined dosage forms as film coated checks (MONDESLOR). Each tablet contains 10mg of Montelukast and 5 mg of Desloratidine. It is used for the treatment of Asthma.For this cabal deriv ative spectroscopic methods and reverse phase liquid chromatographic methods are reported. However ,there is no work reported on combination of these drugs by simultaneous equation method. Hence fast, simple, and accurate spectrophotometric method was developed by applying simultaneous equation method, for the simultaneous estimation of both the drugs in tablet dosage form by uv spectrophotometry.MATERIALS AND METHODSINSTRUMENT SPECIFICATIONS UV Spectrophotometer, Shimadzu, model 1800CHEMICALS AND REAGENTS methanol obtained from local market, manufacturedPure Deslortadine and Montelukast were obtained as gift sample from Gujarat organics Ltd,GujaratThe tablet dosage form MONDESLOR( claim 10mg Montelukast and 5mg Desloratidine) was procured from local market.PREPARATION OF STANDARD STOCK SOLUTIONSThe 10 mg of bill Montelukast and Desloratidinewere weighed accurately and transferred into coulomb ml volumetric flaskfuls seperately. They were turn in methanol and diluted up to the m ark by using the solvent methanol to obtain a final slow-wittedness of 100g/ml. The resulting solutions were used as a working regulation solutions.The aliquot portion of stock solutions of Montelukast and Desloratidine were diluted approximately with methanol to obtain concentration of 10 mcg/ml of each drugs.These solutions were scanned in the range of 200-400 nm in 1cm cell against blank .From the overlain spectra the wavelength selected for the estimation are 269 nm and 283nm for montelukast and desloratidine respectively.PREPARATION OF SAMPLE SOLUTIONSFor analysis of commercialized formulations 20 tablets (MONDESLOR) each cantaining 10mg of montelukast and 5mg of desloratidine were accurately weighed and the average weight was calculated and finely powdered.A quantity equivalent to 10mg of montelukast dissolved in methanol in 100ml volumetric flask and to it 5mg of desloratidine was added(standard addition method). sonicated to dissolve it completely and volume was made to t he mark with methanol .mixed well and filtered through 0.45m filter to get the final concentration of 100g/ml. finally 10mcg/ml working concentration of each desloratidine and montelukast was prepared.This solution was scanned over the range of 200-400 nm ,using two sampling wavelengths 269nm and 283nm determined the concentration of these drugs in tablet formulationUsing the formula.CDES = A2ay1-A1ay2/ax2 ay1-ax1ay2CMON = A1ay2 A2ax1/ax2ay1-ax1ay2A1 = absorbance of formulation at 269nm.A2 = absorbance of formulation at 283 nm.ax1 = absorptivity of Desloratidine at 269 nm.ax2 = absorptivity of Desloratidine at 283 nm.ay1 = absorptivity of Montelukast at 269 nm.ay2 = absorptivity of Montelukast at 283 nm.CDES = concentration of Desloratidine.CMON = concentration of Montelukast.VALIDATION OF THE METHOD1) LINEARITY Standard stock solution of Montelukast and Desloratidine 10 mg of montelukast and desloratidine were accurately weighed and transferred into a clean and dry 100 ml v olumetric flasks, dissolved with sufficient volume of methanol seperately .The volume was then made up to 100 ml with methanol to obtain the concentration of 100 g/ml. Working standard solution The aliquot portion of the stock solution was diluted approximately with methanol to get a concentration of 2-22 mcg/ml of montelukast and 5-30mcg/ml of desloratidine. Serial dilutions of concentration range were prepared from the working standard solution. These dilutions were scanned at the detection wavelength of 269 nm and 283nm using methanol as blank. The regression equation, Y- intercept and correlation coefficient were calculated. The linearity was thus determined and the concentration range was selected.2) LIMIT OF DETECTION AND LIMIT OF QUANTITATIONThe LOD and LOQ were separately determined based on calibration curve. The residual standard deviation of a regression line or the standard deviation of y- intercepts of regression lines were used to calculate the LOD and LOQ.I. Formula f or LOD (g/ml)LOD = 3.3 x SD / SWhere,SD = The standard deviation of the responseS = The slope of the calibration curve ( crocked)II. Formula for LOQ (g/ml)LOQ = 10 x SD / SWhere,SD = The standard deviation of the responseS = The slope of the calibration curve (mean)3) ACCURACYThe accuracy of the method was ascertained by carrying out recovery studies using standard addition method. The recovery studies are performed to determine if there was any positive or negative interference from excipients present in the formulation. The percentage recovery results revealed that the set were near to 100%, which indicates that the proposed method is accurate as the results are within the official limits. It also reveals that the commonly used excipients and additives in the formulation were not interfere with the proposed method(Table no4)4) PRECISIONPrecision was found by carrying out the analysis of the standard drugs at two different concentrations in the linearity range of drugs for three times on the same day. Each concentration was applied in duplicate and % RSD was calculated (Table no 5)RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONMontelukast and Desloratidine showed maximum absorbance in Methanol at 269 and 283 nm.The proposed method for simultaneous estimation of both the drugs was validated as per the ICH guidelines The linearity was observed in the concentration range of 2-22 mcg/ml for montelukast and 5-50mcg/ml for Desloratidine with regression co-efficient of 0.998 and 0.998.Amount of drugs estimated by the proposed method was in good agreement with the label claim.The accuracy of the method was assessed by recovery experiments . Recovery was close to 100% for both the drugs.CONCLUSIONThe present study comprises a UV spectroscopic method of analysis for the simultaneous estimation of montelukast and Desloratidine in tablet dosage form.From the study of ecesis parameters,itwas observed that the method is specific,accurate,precise,reproducible .The proposed method could be applie d to routine analysis in quality control laboratories.Table No.1 Calibration data of deslortadine.Concentration (g/ml)Absorbance at 269nmAbsorbance at 283nm50.1870.111100.3860.212150.5590.309200.7720.423250.9600.520301.120.650Table No.2 calibration data of montelukast.Concentration (g/ml)Absorbance at 269nmAbsorbance at 283nm20.0750.08860.2040.248100.3470.418140.5120.618180.6750.817220.7980.971Table No3 Results of analysis of tablet formulation.BRANDLABEL CLAIM(mg/tablet)%LABELCLAIMMondeslorMontelukast(10mg) 100.4%Deslortadine(5mg) 101.%Table no4 Results of recovery studies medicateAmount added (mcg/ml)Amount recovered (mcg/ml)% RecoveryDES80( 8)7.9699.5100(10)9.898120(12)12.2101.6MONT80(8)8.1101.2100(10)9.999120(12)11.898.5Table No5 Results of precision studies.DrugConcentration(g/ml)wavelengthAbsorbance%* RSDDES10269nm0.3820.3850.3870.6510283nm0.2140.2180.2160.9215269nm0.5600.5650.5690.7915283nm0.3030.3080.3040.86DrugConcentration(g/ml)wavelengthAbsorbance%* RSDMON10283nm0.4130.41 50.4180.6010269nm0.3480.3460.3490.4314269nm0.5100.5090.5120.2914283nm0.6130.6160.6180.40* mean of three observations Fig-1 Selection of wavelengthFig-2 Calibration curve of montelukastFig 3calibration curve of deslortadineREFERENCESFDA Guidance for Industry. Analytical Procedures and Methods Validation (draft guidance), August 2000.ICH guidelines Q1A (R2). Stability Testing of novel Drug Substances and Products (revision 2), November 2003.ICH Q2 (R1). Validation of Analytical Procedures Text and Methodology. International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for the Registration of Pharmaceutical for Human Use, Geneva, Switzerland. (2005).International Conference on Harmonization. Photo stability testing of new drug substance and products Q1B. International Conference on Harmonization, IFPMA, Geneva, 1996.ICH Guidance on Analytical Method Validation, in proceedings of the International Convention on Quality for the Pharmaceutical Industry, Toronto, Canada, and Sep tember, 2002.Konam K, Hariprasad P, Lukaraju PS, Sirajudeen MA, Fareedullah MD, Ahmed I. Determination of Montelukast sodium and Levocetrizine hydrochloride by using HPTLC method. Elixir Online J. 2012 Feb 16.Kumar BVVS, Mathur P, Rajesh N, Rao ND, Satyanarayana P. Analytical method development and validation of Levocetirizine hydrochloride and Montelukast sodium in combined tablet dosage form by RP-HPLC. Int J Adv Pharm Res. 2011 July 2(7) 380-96.Choudhari V, Kale A, Abnawe A, Kuchekar B, Gawli A, Patil N. Simultaneous determination of Montelukast sodium and Levocetirizine dihydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparation by derivative spectroscopy. Int J Pharm Tech Res. 2010 Jan-Mar 2(1)Radhakrishna T, Narsaraju A, Ramakrishna M, Satyanarayna A, (2002) simultaneous determination of Montelukast and Loratadine by HPLC and derivative spectrophotometric pharmaceutical formulation. J Pharm Bio Anal.200331359-68Bondili S, Reddy SP. Spectroscopic method for determination of Desloratadine in heap and its tablet dosage forms. Int J Pharm Res. 2011 1(2) 131-4.Mallapu Rani E, Ahad HA, Sreenivasulu R, Rani M, Mandava G, Reddy B. KK, Kranthi G. Spectrophotometric determination of Desloratadine in pharmaceuticals by using difference spectrophotometric method. J Pharm Res. 2011 4(3) 730-1.

The Three Types Of Impulse Turbine Engineering Essay

The Three Types Of Impulse Turbine Engineering EssayA turbine is a rotary engine that extracts elan vital from a tranquil or commit flow. The simplest turbines have one moving part, a rotor assembly, which is a shaft with brand names where the moving fluid acts on the blades, or the blades react to the flow, so that they rotate and deal zippo to the rotor. Examples of early turbines are windmills and water wheels. Turbines usually have a casing around the blades that contains and controls the running(a) fluid. Working fluid contains kinetic energy ( upper steer) and emf energy ( printing press head) and these working fluids may be compressible or incompressible. A compressor or pump is a device similar to a turbine but operational in reverse.The turbines produce almost all electric queen on Earth. Most kB engines rely on turbines to supply mechanical work from their working fluid and fuel as do all nuclear ships and power plants. Aircraft engines also use the turbine powe red by their exculpate to drive an intake-air compressor, a contour known as a turbocharger (turbine supercharger). Turbines could also be utilize as powering system for a remote controlled plane that creates thrust and lifts the plane of the ground. They are as small as soda can, yet still strong enough to move objects with a weight of 100kg.THE TURBINE PROCESSIf high- focal ratio go is blown on to a curved blade and the travel direction changes as it passes across the blade. The steam will impart a force to the blade as a result of its change in direction across the blade. Now if the blades were free, it would move off in the direction of the force. The principle of steam turbine is where a number of blades were unconquerable around the circumference of a phonograph recording and the discus is free to rotate on a shaft. Steam is then blown across the blades which cause the disc rotates. To increase the rigidity of the blades, the top of the blades are connected together. By means of the nozzles, the high nip steam is made to give up some of its energy to produce a large increase in kinetic energy of the steam. The steam thus leaves the nozzles at a high hurrying. It passes from the nozzles over the blades and thus the turbine disc rotates. The power is then generated at the shaft. The number of nozzles which are in use act as a load to the turbine and so the higher the load requires that more steam must be employ to sustain the load. Therefore, more nozzles are put into the used.The turbine described is a simple turbine which is also known as de Laval turbine. This flake of turbine usually rotates at a very high speed and this high speed will produce a centrifugal force. This turbine is usually small in size and, hence produces small power output. Due to the high speed of rotation, a direct drive between drive between the turbine disc and outdoor(a) equipment is not generally possible. For this reason, a reduction gear box is installed between and turbines of the turbine disc and external equipment.A problem in steam turbine development has been to snub the speed of rotation and at the same time to make full use of the energy in the steam, thus larger size and higher power output is produce. There are two basic types of turbines which is the passion turbine and the reaction turbine.THE IMPULSE TURBINESThese turbines change the direction of flow of a high hurrying fluid jet and the resulting impulse spins the turbine and leaves the fluid flow with diminished kinetic energy. The pressure in the fluid of the turbine rotor blades remains constant. Before reaching the turbine the fluids pressure head is changed to velocity head by accelerating the fluid with a nozzle. Impulse turbines do not require a pressure casement around the runner since the fluid jet is prepared by a nozzle prior to reaching turbine. The transfer of energy for impulse turbines uses the Newtons routine law. There are three different types of impulse turbines which are theVelocity compounding turbinePressure compounding turbinePressure-velocity compounding turbineTHE REACTION TURBINESThese turbines develop torque by reacting to the fluids pressure or weight. The pressure of the fluid changes as it passes through the turbine rotor blades. The reaction turbines require a pressure casement to contain the working fluid as it acts on the turbine stage or the turbine must be fully immersed in the fluid flow (wind turbines). The casing contains and directs the working fluid and, for water turbines, maintains the suction imparted by the draft tube. Multiple turbine stages may be used to harness the expanding gas efficiently for compressible working fluids. The transfer of energy in the reaction turbine uses the Newtons third law.Purple Moving blades grimy Velocity crimson PressureBrown Fixed bladesTHE VELOCITY heighten TURBINE IN IMPULSE TURBINESSteam is expanded in a single row or nozzles in this type of turbine. The high veloci ty steam leaving the nozzles passes on the foremost row of the moving blades where its velocity is only partially reduced. Then, the steam leaving the first row of moving blades passes into a row of fixed blades mounted in the turbine casing and this row of fixed blades serves to redirect the steam back to the direction of campaign such that it is suitable for entry to the second row of moving blades. The steam velocity reduces partially in the second row of the moving blades. A long-play turbine is resulted due to only part of the velocity of the steam is used up in each row of the blades.Blue VelocityRed Pressure discolor NozzlePurple Moving bladesTHE PRESSURE COMPOUNDING TURBINE IN IMPULSE TURBINESThe steam enters a row of nozzles where its pressure is only partially reduced and its velocity is increased in this type of turbine. The high velocity steam passes to a row of moving blades where its velocity is reduced. The pressure is again partially reduced and its velocity i s again increased when the steam passes into a second row of nozzles. The high velocity steam is then passed to a second row of moving blades where its velocity is again reduced. Next, the steam then passes into a third row of nozzles and so on. All pressure dash offs occur in the nozzles but the pressure remain constant in each turbine stage. The turbine run slower since steam velocities will not be so high due to only part of the pressure drop occurs in each stage. All stages, however, are coupled to the same shaft, with the result that there is no loss of output.Green Nozzle Purple Moving bladesTHE PRESSURE-VELOCITY COMPOUNDING TURBINE IN IMPULSE TURBINEA combination of the pressure compounding turbine and the velocity compounding turbine will give a pressure-velocity compounding turbine. In this type of turbine, the steam is partially expanded in a row of nozzles where its velocity is increased. The steam then enters a few rows of velocity compounding turbine and then to a se cond row of nozzles where its velocity increases. The steam then enters another few rows of velocity compounding turbine and so on. All the pressure at the nozzles decreases.Generally, the diameter from the inlet to the exhaust increases in all multistage turbines. This is because the specific volume increases as the pressure of steam falls. A great area will be required to pass the steam for continuity of mass flow and this can be done by either increasing the diameter of the turbine discs or increasing the height of the blades. A greater area will be required to pass the steam in order to preserve the mass flow if there is depreciation in velocity.Blue VelocityRed PressureGreen NozzleBrown Fixed bladesPurple Moving bladesDIFFERENCES OF THE TURBINESThere are many differences that can be stated between the 3 types of impulse turbine. The 3 types of impulse turbine are theVelocity compoundingPressure compoundingPressure-velocity compoundingThe differences between these turbine s can be classified ad in terms ofStructure of the turbineThe surgical procedure of the turbineThe pressure change in the turbineThe velocity change in the turbineStructure of the turbineThe structure of the velocity compounding turbine is it consists of a turbine then to a moving blade and a fixed blade. The structure then continues with a second row of moving and fixed blades. The structure of the pressure compounding turbine is it starts from a turbine and then to a moving blade then to a second row of turbine and moving blades and so on. Besides that, the structure of the pressure-velocity compounding turbine is the combine of both of the structure of the velocity compounding turbine and pressure compounding turbine.The process of the turbinesHigh velocity steam from the nozzles passes thru the moving blades then to the fixed blade and the second row of moving and fixed blade in the velocity compounding turbine. In the pressure velocity turbine, the high velocity steam from the nozzles passes thru a moving blades and the low velocity of steam enters another turbine and then to a second row of moving blades and so on. Whereas in the pressure-velocity compounding turbine, the steam from the turbine enters a row of moving blades then a fixed blade and then another row of moving blades. The steam finally then enters another turbine and the process is repeated.The pressure change in the turbineThe pressure in the velocity compounding turbine remains constant throughout. In the pressure compounding turbine, the pressure decreases partially when it passes the rows of turbine. Furthermore, the pressure in the pressure-velocity compounding decreases partially then it passes thru the row or turbine and remains constant until the second row of turbine where the pressure decreases partially again.The velocity in the turbineThe steam velocity reduces partially in the rows of the moving blades in the velocity compounding turbine. A slower turbine is resulted due to onl y part of the velocity of the steam is used up in each row of the blades. Whereas in the pressure compounding, the velocity decreases partially when its pass thru the blades but increases back when passing the nozzles. Finally, in the pressure-velocity compounding turbine, the velocity decreases in the turbine and remains constant when passing the blades. The velocity is again decreased when passes thru a second row of turbine.CONCLUSIONThe steam turbine has greatly improved the energy conversation in our daily lives. There are still future developments oh the steam turbines in order to improve efficiency. Development are now developing turbine which requires a smaller input but produces a bigger output.

Revising Education :: essays research papers

THE IDEAL CLASSROOM STRUCTUREThe education system in the United States is wholly confused I do not think that any attempts to modify the current system will ever work. Deborah Tannen also sees this problem. She sees the swage lying in a gender gap, miscommunication between sexes, and a battle between man and woman in the classroom. Tannen thinks the current curriculum can be successful if we only work out the few kinks between the male and female learning process. I disagree, I believe this country needs to completely reevaluate and rebuild education from the bottom up. The solution will not involve sorting gender or tougher standards. We do not need to take away students take tests to try and lick out what subjects atomic number 18 considered problem areas (as Massachusetts has decided to do), though this could arguably lead to some basic improvement. We must reconsider everything we think we know about what children ought to learn, and especially the methods used to teach thi s material to them.Instead of forcing facts and figures on students and separating subjects with bells, why not connect ideas and integrate these areas of interest. Lets completely engulf and engage students in learning, here is a typical day in the ideal classroomMrs. smiths fourth graders are learning about redwood trees. Her classroom has one big circular table, and this morning it is covered with the magazine cutouts and photographs of redwood trees that the students have been passing around and discussing. in that respect is a scale model of an average redwood tree next to a house, built in art class using Popsicle sticks and glue. Mrs. Smith asks questions about the size of the tree compared to the house. In the real world, the house is thirty feet tall but on the table it is only four inches high. The boys and girls can figure out the height of the tree involving their unit in math on multiplication and fractions.Next, Mrs. Smith brings out some construction paper and paste . Before they drive cutting out and designing their own redwood trees, the students watch a short movie protesting deforestation. They are asked to think about the dangers of cutting down so many trees and write short essays and poems about their ideas.Now the class is outside around the school looking at trees around the playground. They can even occupy rubbings of the bark on different trees.

Susan B Anthony :: essays research papers

Susan B. Anthony was born February 15, 1820 in Adams Massachusetts to Daniel and Lucy Anthony. Susan was the second born of eight children in a strict Quaker family. Her father, Daniel Anthony, was a stern man, a Quaker abolitionist and cotton manufacturer. He believed in guiding his children, not directing them. He did not allow them to experience the childish amusements of toys, games, and music, which were seen as distractions from the Inner Light. Instead he enforced self-discipline.Susan learned to read and write at the age of three. In 1826, the Anthonys moved from Massachusetts to Battensville, New York. Where Susan attended a district inform, when the teacher refused to teach Susan long division, she was taken out of school and taught in home school set up by her father. A woman teacher, Mary Perkins, ran the school. Perkins offered a new image of womanhood to Susan and her sisters. She was independent, educated, and held a position that had been traditionally been reserved to unexampled men. Susan was sent to a boarding school in Philadelphia. She taught at a female academy boarding school, in up state New York when she was 15 years old intill she was thirty. After she settled in her family home in Rochester, New York. It was here that she began her prototypic public crusade on behalf of temperance.This was one of the first expressions of feminism in the United bows, and it delt with the abuses of woman and children who suffered from alcoholic husbands. In 1849, Susan gave her first public speech for the Daughters of Temperance, and then help found the Womans State Temperance Society of New York. It was one of the first organizations of its time. In 1851 she went to Syracus to attend a series of antislavery meetings. During this time Susan meet Cady Stanton. They became best friends. Susan joined Stanton and Amelia Bloomer in campaigns for womens rights. She would often deliver speeches written by Stanton, who was occupied with her young children . In 1854, She devoted herself to the antislavery movement serving from 1856 to the outbreak of the civil war, 1861. Here, she served as an doer for the American Antislavery Society. After, She worked with Stanton and published the New York liberal weekly, The Revolution (1868-1870) which called for equal pay for women. In 1872, Susan demanded that women be given the same civil and political rights that had been extended to shameful men under the 14th and 15th amendments.