P&G Advertising Strategy Essay Example for Free

PG Advertising Strategy Essay For marketing students at IIM Ahmedabad, 9th of January, 2011, is anything but a typical Sunday. They have resisted the temptation to join their batchmates in a lazy basketball game and appear oblivious to the cheerful riotous frenzy of the kite festival on the banks of the Sabarmati. Instead they have been pitted against each other all morning in a brand exercise organised and masterminded by PG. The prize? A dinner date for the teams with a man responsible for running the marketing function of one of the most powerful FMCG companies on the planet, Marc Pritchard , global marketing and brand building officer, PG. However, even students who do not make the cut get a chance to experience Pritchard firsthand when he addresses a respectably packed hall that evening. Soon after he’s done, the questions fly thick and fast. These include some potentially embarrassing posers. How does PG feel, one student wants to know, about its campaigns being ambushed by its archrival HUL? Few people have forgotten the teaser campaign about a mystery shampoo last year (that was revealed to be PG’s Pantene) being hijacked by Dove from the HUL stable. Pritchard opts to take the high road on this one: â€Å"We can’t prevent any competitor from ambush (surprise attack). But if you focus on the consumer, what your brand is doing to serve the consumer and if you have a big idea, you will win most of the time. † And that’s a running theme through pretty much everything that Pritchard has to say. Whether he’s addressing students at IIM-A, the media or an audience at the Cannes Lions Festival, he’s a tireless champion of brands serving consumers or â€Å"purpose driven branding. † PG spent most of the 1990s establishing a global footprint. Now, according to Pritchard, it finally has the chance to live up to its purpose. The first step was getting senior management to define a purpose for each of the brands in the PG stable: a blueprint on how the company could touch and improve lives. Pritchard explains, â€Å"We still have a core benefit but are thinking more broadly on how we can deliver it. We are very focussed on sharpening what the brands stand for, identifying human insights that can translate into big ideas. † Bold Gamble However those prepared for a lofty chronicle of CSR and corporate do-gooding are likely to step back, a little disappointed. Pritchard’s showreel of purpose driven work from PG includes pretty much every big campaign the FMCG has come up with recently. This includes the highly awarded work on Old Spice with its cocky ‘The man your man could smell like’ tagline. Pritchard says, â€Å"Purpose is much more than a cause or a corporate responsibility. We deliberately focused on making people define purpose as how brands improve everyday lives. A cause is just a piece of it as opposed to the whole thing. † This helps take purpose out of an ivory tower. It’s no longer something that resonates only with consumers in developed markets, fed up with hard sell, looking for corporates to do something more. Instead it could even be used as an effective go to market strategy. Which is pretty much the case with Pampers. Pritchard defines the brand’s purpose as â€Å"to improve a baby’s healthy, happy development. Its benefit is dryness and comfort that allows babies to sleep, play and explore more. When they do that, they develop better. By the way, it’s also making their mom’s lives a lot better if they sleep through the night. † To bring this purpose to life, PG sends pediatricians to villages with tips on how to help the baby sleep and advice on immunization, besides using this interface as a sampling opportunity. The one pack = one vaccine program run in association with the UNICEF is tied into this larger purpose too. â€Å"It helps bring the community of moms together since they like to help other moms,† says Pritchard. Even ‘Women Against Lazy Stubble’ for Gillette, a homegrown campaign, has something larger driving it. Purpose takes on a more meaningful role in developing markets,† he explains. The vans that propagate the program give young men tips on shaving, how to dress, handle an interview and talk to women. Purpose coincides well with PG making a concerted push into non-city markets not just in India but in other countries like Brazil and China that have a yawning urban-rural divide. PG is focusing on stores because it’s the first moment of truth for the rural consumer. Pritchard says, â€Å"We market back from there to create awareness to get them to that point. † There are approximately 7 million high frequency shops in India and PG has covered 4 million of these so far. A fair amount of product and package development is being done to cater to this segment. Using the store as the starting point also helps make the entire process less sporadic. Pritchard states, â€Å"It means you are always on. We have consolidated the number of distributors into a core highly capable, powerful group. We give them the material, knowledge and know how on display. † India is in some ways at the vanguard of PG’s rural drive. One of the things pioneered in India was generating more household trial. Pritchard admits, â€Å"It was Sumeet Vohra (chief marketing officer – Asia, PG) who created this machine to identify what it was going to take to get these products in the households, as well as the tools to measure performance. Much of what we learnt in India has been exported to other markets like Africa for example. † The recent acquisition of Paras by Reckitt Benckiser proves that multinational giants look to India for a lot more than its large consumer base. Pritchard gives a diplomatic answer when asked if there are any local heroes that he’s got an eye on. But PG invariably unearths little jewels with every acquisition, he says. Like Koleston which was not very big globally but strong in Latin America, particularly in Brazil, around the time Wella was acquired. PG took the brand to Mexico, Europe and are now launching in India. Pritchard goes further back for his next example: Richardson Vicks in 1985 had a very tiny brand called Pantene that accounted for $70 million in sales. He says, â€Å"We put the new technology in, and launched it in Taiwan and came up with Pantene Pro V. Now it is over a $3 billion brand. † To be chosen for the big push, the brand needs equity and it helps to have some sort of a story. Like Max Factor’s SK2 which was made with Pitera, a yeast extract used by monks in Japan which kept their skin in a better condition. â€Å"We built from that story, tested it in different markets and now it’s more than half a billion dollars and growing like crazy,† says Pritchard. In a classical FMCG battle, market observers may be tempted to brand PG as a pacifist, with hardly any aggressive countermoves towards competition. But, combining brand awareness with social programmes, driving its brands further into the hinterland and acquiring a knack of creating billion dollar brands, Pritchard knows that the company is pushing the right levers.

Video game developer Essay Example for Free

Video game developer Essay Given the current pressures from competitors and substitutes, what should Nintendo do? (last Student ID digits = 0 – 3) Nowadays, electronic game industry has three dimensions: traditional video game console sector, PC and online game sector, and new emerged smartphone game sector. Historically, Nintendo was the leader in traditional video game console sector with highest profit margin than its competitive peers, Sony and Microsoft. As the technology developing, however, the whole electronic game industry is at a turning point. The difference among three sectors will become vaguer and vaguer. As Sony and Microsoft caught up the profit margin and smartphone sector emerged, Nintendo is on the cliff of revolution. Given the current pressures from competitors and substitutes, Nintendo should revolute follow: * Protect current customer base by keeping on positioning wider age range game player (i. e. from teenager to senor generation). * Overcome its graphic obstacle by building up alliance with graphic chip makers, such as NVidia. * Enhance its leadership in video game sector by keeping on investing in motion sensor game technology. In addition, touch screen might be a good complement. Next generation game will have more and more motion sensor elements, Nintendo must stand on the edge of this trend. * Construct game download platform website for game programmer and persuade them to sell their products on the website (i. e. mimic smartphone game sector to save cost for both Nintendo games suppliers and customers). * Change its customers shopping habit and provide game trails on the game download platform website. * Invade online game sector by persuading game programmer sell their game updates or complements on the Nintendo game platform website (i. e. mimic online game sector strategy to capture higher profit margin from updates). * Keep on supporting its royal and reliable game programmers/suppliers by sharing game and game platform website technology while monitoring programmers and suppliers royalty (i. e. keep on monitoring and examining Nintendo and its game suppliers alliance).

PSO Based Algorithm for Optimal PMU Placement in KPTC

PSO Based Algorithm for Optimal PMU Placement in KPTC A PSO Based Cluster Formation Algorithm for Optimal PMU Placement in KPTCL First A. Author, Designation, Organization, Second B. Author, and Third C. Author, Jr., Designation, Organization Abstract— Power system state estimation with the exclusive deployment of synchronous phasor measurements demands that the system must be completely observable with PMUs only. Direct measurement of phase angles of current and voltage phasors are now possible by Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). To have lesser number of PMUs, the placement problem in any network is considered as an optimization problem. This paper presents a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based cluster formation algorithm for optimal PMU placement. The proposed algorithm clusters the buses into many sub groups and the maximum connectivity bus is selected as the header bus. The PMU is placed on the header bus to manage the connected buses for complete system observability. This paper analyses the proposed algorithm for the following three cases: Without PMU loss, With single PMU loss, and Zero Injection Bus. The simulation results for IEEE bus and the KPTCL bus systems are presented and compared with the existing approaches. The proposed results show that the method is simple to implement and provide the accurate PMU placement. Index Terms— IEEE Bus, Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL), Optimal PMU Placement, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), and Power System State Estimation I. Introduction Power utilities are facing numerous threats of security of operation due to the over stressed power network in the today’s competitive power market scenario. Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is an evaluating device which is used to measure the current and voltage. It uses the Global Positioning System (GPS) pulse to facilitate the synchronized measurements of real time phasors of currents and voltage. A power system is said to be recognizable when voltage phasors at all the buses are known. According to Ohm’s Law, if a PMU is placed at the bus, then the neighboring buses also become observable. Obviously, when PMUs are placed at all the buses of the network, and the measurements for all the PMUs are communicated to the control units, then the voltage phasors at all the buses would be known. This approach can change the traditional estimation to state measurement. PMUs are already installed in several utilities for various applications around the world such as state estimat ion, adaptive protection and system protection schemes. Other application fields include stability monitoring, Wide Area Monitoring and Control (WAMC) and efficient system utilization. In the traditional power systems, the buses are monitored using the conventional measurements from voltage and current transformers and the data are forwarded to the Energy Management System (EMS) through the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system. It collects the real time measurements from the Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) placed in substations. This approaches are not able to monitor all the measurements across a wide area power system because the data are not time-synchronized [1]. PMUs are an essential part of smart grids and hence the rate of PMU installations are increasing. In the emerging technology, the major issue need to be addressed is the placement of PMUs, which is influenced by the anticipated system applications. The major factor limiting the number of PMU installations are their cost and the communication facilities. Hence, the cost and communication constraints of PMUs have been motivated the researchers to identify the minimal PMU installation for the anticipated applications. Placing PMUs on all buses of the power system results a complete observability of the system. Since, a bus is observed if a PMU is placed on it or some of its neighboring buses, it is neither economical nor necessary to carry put such installations. As a consequence, a problem called Optimal PMU Placement (OPP) problem has been occurs. The aim of this paper is to identify the optimal number of PMUs to make the KPTCL topologically observable. Here, a PSO based Clustering Algorithm is proposed to cluster the buses. The header bus is selected based on the maximum connectivity among the buses. The header bus is placed with the PMU to monitor the other connected buses. The PMU placement strategy confirms the system observability during the normal working conditions and also the single PMU failures. The proposed method is found to be simple, fast and accurate in computation. The proposed method is applied on IEEE-6, IEEE-7, IEEE-9, IEEE-14, IEEE-30 bus systems and KPTCL power maps for 28 bus, 127 bus and 155 bus systems to verify the proposed algorithm performance. The remaining part of the paper is organized as follows: Section II involves the works related to the existing algorithms for optimal PMU placement problem. Section III involves the description of the proposed PSO based cluster formation algorithm for optimal PMU placement. Section IV involves the performance analysis of the proposed work. The paper is concluded in Section V. II. Related Works With the number of PMUs estimated for installation in the near future, both the utilities and researchers are looking for the optimal solutions to their placement. The solutions for the optimal PMU placement problem can be classified into two types: mathematical and heuristic algorithms. Some of the existing works related to the optimal PMU placements are discussed. Integer programming is a mathematical programming approach for solving an optimization problem having integer design variables. Singh introduced an integer programming based methodology for the optimal placement of PMU. It reduces the cost of installation and facilitate the entire power system observability. The zero injection buses concept was used to further reduce the number of PMUs. Integer programming helps to provide multiple results if the neighboring buses to zero injection buses were not handled properly. The best results was selected based on the [2]. Fan and Watson proposed a multi-channel PMU placement problem and their solution. Here, a close relationship among the PMU placement problem and the classic combinatorial problem were identified [3]. Roy et al proposed an optimal PMU placement approach for power system observability. Here, a three stage optimal PMU placement method was formulated based on network connectivity information. Stage 1 and stage 2 of the algorithm iteratively estimate the less important bus locations to eliminate the PMUs and estimates where the PMUs were retained. The last stage reduces the number of PMUs using the pruning operation. The optimal set of PMU locations were obtained for network observability [4]. Manousakis and Korres designed a weighted least squares algorithm for optimal PMU placement. A quadratic minimization problem with continuous decision factors were formulated subject to the nonlinear observability constraints. The optimal solution was obtained by an unconstrained nonlinear weighted least squares method [5]. Mahari and Seyedi proposed a Binary Imperialistic Competition Algorithm (BICA) for optimal PMU placement. The zero injection bus was considered for all investigations to obta in the suitable answers. In addition to the traditional rules, new rule was also generated. It helps to reduce the number of PMUs placement [6]. Tai et al proposed a Random Component Outages (RCO) for optimal PMU placement for power system estimation. The optimal locations were chosen to reduce the state estimation and error covariance [7]. Sodhi et al presented an optimal PMU placement method for complete topological and numerical observability of power system. A two stage PMU placement approach was proposed. Stage 1 identifies the minimum number of PMUs to make the system topologically observable. Stage 2 was proposed to identify if the resulted PMU placement yields to a full ranked measurement Jacobian. A sequential elimination algorithm was proposed to identify the optimal locations of additional PMUs [8]. An Exhaustive search is an optimization technique which systematically enumerates all possible candidates for the solution. It chosen the candidate which satisfy the constraints at the optimum objective function value. It guaranteed the finding of the global optimum but it was not suitable for large scale systems with h uge search space. Azizi et al proposed an optimal PMU placement by an equivalent linear formulation for exhaustive search. The state estimation was implemented based on the complete linear placement [9]. Fei et al [10] discussed an optimal PMU placement based on the limited exhaustive approach. An approximately optimal PMU placement (AOPP) was established in order to identify the searching space. AOPP was deterministically retrieved by detailed power system state observability analysis. The notion of bus neighbor was defined to derive the searching space of limited exhaustive approach. The heuristic algorithms applied for optimal placements are Genetic algorithm, Tabu Search, Simulated Annealing, Differential Evolution, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Immune Algorithm, Iterated Local Search (ILS), Spanning Tree Search (STS), Greedy Algorithm, Recursive Security N Algorithm, Decision Tree and Practical Heuristic Algorithm. Hajian et al introduced an optimal PMUs placement to maintain the network observability using a modified BPSO algorithm. An optimal measurement set was estimated to obtain the full network observability during normal conditions. After any PMU loss or single trans mission line outage, the derived scheme in normal condition was modified. Observability analysis was carried out based on topological observability rules. A new rule was added to minimize the number of PMUs for complete system observability. A modified BPSO algorithm was used as an optimization tool to get the minimal number of PMUs and their corresponding locations [11]. Sharma and Tyagi designed an optimal PMU placement approach based on Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) with the conventional measurements. Quadratic programming was used in BPSO algorithm. A method for pseudo observability was introduced for depth one and depth two with and without zero injection measurements. It was tested on IEEE-7, IEEE-14, IEEE-30 and IEEE-57 bus system using BPSO technique [12]. Peng et al formulated a multi objective optimal PMU placement using a non-dominated sorting differential evolution algorithm. It is an organic integration of Pareto non-dominated sorting operation and the differential evolution algorithm. It enhances the individual crowding mechanism and mutual mechanism [13]. El-Zonkoly et al proposed an Improved Tabu Search (ITS) for complete observability and out of step prediction. The system was based on numerical observability and artificial intelligence. ITS was used to identify the optimal placement for the PMU to keep the system complete ly observable. A Predictive Out of Step (OOS) algorithm was proposed based on the observation of the voltage phase difference among the substations [14]. Aminifar et al formulated an optimal PMU placement based on probabilistic cost or benefit analysis. The reduction of system risk cost was recognized as the benefit linked with the development of wide area measurement system [15]. Das et al designed a simulation of wide area measurement system with optimal phasor measurement unit location. These measurements were generally taken for every 4 to 10 seconds offering a steady state view of the power system behavior. It was implemented on IEEE six bus system [16]. Jamuna and Swarup proposed a multi-objective biogeography based optimization for optimal PMU placement. Here, the concurrent optimization of the two conflicting objectives like minimization of the number of PMUs and maximization of the measurement redundancy were performed. The Pareto optimal solution was obtained based on the non-dominated sorting and crowding distance. The compromised solution was selected based on the fuzzy based mechanism from the Pareto optimal solution [17]. Ghosh et al made a reliability analysis of GIS aided optimal PMU location for smart operation. It investigate the impact of topological attributes on commissioning PMUs. Reliability was ensured through various PMU connectivity c onfiguration [18]. Peppanen et al proposed an optimal PMU placement with binary PSO [19]. Abiri et al introduced an optimal PMU placement method for complete topological observability of power system. A revised formulation for the optimal placement problem of the kinds of PMUs was presented [20]. III. PSO Based Cluster Formation For Optimal PMU Placement Power system observability is essential for identifying the real time monitoring and state estimation of the system. PMUs enable advanced solutions to existing utility problems and provide power system engineers a whole range of potential benefits: Accurate estimation of the power system state can be obtained at frequent intervals, Permitting dynamic phenomena to be observed from a chief location and suitable control actions are taken. Post disturbance analysis will be much improved for the PMU placement problem, which is obtained with the precise pictures of the system states through GPS synchronization. This section proposed a PSO based Optimal PMU Placement in power systems. The objective of this method is to provide the optimal placement of PMUs, which can make the system observable and to maximize the measurement redundancy of the system. Fig.1 shows the flow of the proposed method. Initially, the bus system is taken and each bus is considered as a node. Each node connectivity is updated in the binary table. Here, we are considering the following three cases: Without PMU Loss With PMU Loss Zero Injections A. Particle Swarm Optimization Based Cluster Formation for Optimal PMU Placement PSO is an optimization algorithm which facilitates a population based search procedure in which individual are termed as particles. Here, the PSO algorithm is used to cluster the buses for optimal PMU placement. Each particle contains a PMU placement configuration for a power system. It represents that each particle is constructed by binary dimensions, such that each bus of the power system has a dimension which indicates the existence of a PMU in that bus, it is equal to 1, otherwise 0. Algorithm 1: PSO based Cluster Formation Input: Connectivity details of the given bus system 1: Create binary table for the given buses as For i = 1 to number of bus For j = 1 to number of bus If bus (i) connect to bus (j) Matrix element represent as 1 Else Matrix element represent as 0 End If End For End For 2: D= Sum (f(x)) 3: L = max (d) 4: Calculate the bus connection for Lth bus and place PMU on that bus 5: Update the binary table by eliminating the bus from binary table 6: Initialize particles 7: Position of particles = ‘x’ and ‘y’ coordinating points of bus location. 8: Velocity = random (number of buses) 9: Check fitness for given position by using objective function. 10: Minimum (F_Position) 11: 12: Position = Position + Velocity 13: For k = 1 to iteration If Present_fitness < Last_fitness Update fitness value End If Update velocity and position. End For 14: Find maximum (fitness_value), mf = max (fitness) 15: Place PMU on that bus. 16: Update binary table by eliminating the bus from binary table. 17: Loop to Step 6 until binary table gets empty. 18: If the PMU placed at only one bus, Check the nearest bus and made connection between them and update cluster. 19: End If The proposed algorithm is applied on the three cases for optimal PMU placement. B. Case 1: Without PMU Loss In this case, the zero injection and the flow measurement are ignored. To formulate the constraint set, the binary connectivity matric is formed whose entries are defined in the following equation: (1) The matrix can be directly calculated from the bus admittance matrix by converting the entries in the binary form. Consider the six bus system The binary table B is defined as (2) The constraints for this case is, (3) From the binary table, identify the maximum connectivity among the buses. The table shows the maximum connectivity is occurred in bus 3. Hence, bus 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are eliminated from the binary table. Then, the binary table can be updated as, (4) After performing the PSO based clustering algorithm, the PMU is placed on bus 1 and bus 3, which is shown in fig.3. C. Case 2: With loss of PMU It is considered as each bus is observable by single PMU and these PMUs are placed by the proposed clustering algorithm. Hence, the placement of PMUs are highly reliable but, if any disturbance occurred in power system or due to maintenance purpose any of the PMUs places is out from the system. If any of the PMU is disconnected, then some of the buses are connected to that PMUs are not remain observable. In order to overcome such unexpected PMU failures, a strategy is considered for single PMU loss. It can be achieved if all the buses are observed by at least two PMUs. These are operated as two sets, Primary set Backup set If suppose the PMU from primary set is not working properly, then the backup set will take the responsibility to observe the buses. To obtain the couple of PMUs, the constraint and objective function will remain same by only modifying the change in matrix f. In this case, the elements of f is equal to 2 instead of 1. It is defined as follows: (5) This case place the PMU for monitoring the single bus by two PMUs. Other than the objective function, the steps are same. The new constraint function can be constructed as follows: (6) D. Case 3: Zero Injection Zero injection buses are the buses from that no current is passed into the system. Zero injection correspond to the transferring nodes in the system. If zero injection buses are also designed in the PMU placement problem, the entire number of PMUs are further minimized. Consider the following example for zero injection on six bus system where bus 2 is considered as the zero injection bus. Now, the constraint for zero injection bus can be written as follows, (7) From the above equation, it is identified that the bus 3 has maximum connectivity. Hence, PMU is placed on the bus for entire system observability. IV. Performance Analysis To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, the optimal placement of PMU problem is solved for IEEE standard bus system and KPTCL 220 and 400 kV power systems. The KPTCL power buses are shown in fig.6. The results of the proposed method for IEEE bus system is illustrated in table 2. Here, IEEE-6 bus, IEEE-7 bus, IEEE-9 bus, IEEE-14 bus, and IEEE-30 bus system are considered for evaluation. Table 2 provides results for the three cases of IEEE bus systems. We collect the data from the KPTCL 220 and 400 kV power system. Here, the PMU placement is obtained only for the case 1 (without PMU loss). Hence, we proposed an algorithm to obtain the PMU placement, which suits for all the three cases (with loss, without loss, zero injection bus). Table 3 provides the total number of PMU placement collected from the KPTCL. Whereas table 4 provides the proposed result for the given power system. The proposed method results for 28 bus, 127 bus and 155 bus system in all the three cases. V. Conclusion and Future Work In this paper, a PSO based cluster formation algorithm is proposed to solve the optimal PMU placement problem.

Life And Times Of Alexander The Great Essay -- essays research papers

Life and Times of Alexander the Great Introduction Alexander the great made an impact on world history that few individuals can profess to have done. He ruled all of the known world, and one of the largest empires ever. His men were the first westerners to encounter tales of the Yeti. They even discovered and classified new types of flora and fauna, such as the red mold that grew on their bread while they were in Asia, and made it appear as if it were bleeding. He expanded the Hellenist sphere of influence to the farthest reaches of the globe. When the king of Greece visited the British colony of India around the turn of the century, the colonial government had some native Indian dances displayed for him. He was shocked when he immediately recognized the dances as the same harvest dances that his fellow Greeks performed near Thessalonika. This was the breadth of Alexander's influence on hundreds of different cultures around the world. Throughout the whole of Europe, Asia, and North Africa, stories of this great man have been handed down from generation to generation throughout the centuries. In many cases Alexander has even taken on a superhuman aura, and many unbelievable legends have been based on his life. When Julius Caesar visited Alexandria, he asked to see the body of the greatest warrior of all time-Alexander the Great. Such was Alexander's reputation, able to impress even the powerful Caesar. He was, without a doubt, one of the most remarkable men that ever walked the face of this Earth. And this is the story of his life. The Life and Times of Alexander the Great The story of Alexander the Great is one of courage, genius, and great accomplishment; but it is also somewhat of a bittersweet one, ending with his tragic death during the prime of his life, at thirty-two. Alexander was born to Philip II of Macedon and Olympias, his principal wife, in 356 BCE, mpic Games. Just three years earlier, Philip had ascended to the throne after the death of his older brother, Perdikkas1, and named the city of Philipi after himself. Shortly thereafter, at the age of twenty, he met Olympias at a religious ceremony on the island of Samothrace. Olympias was of the Mystery Religions, and... ... Alexander had at last learned his lesson and began trusting Philip. Philip, though had finally had enough of Ptolemy and the rest of Alexander's friends meddling in Alexander's business, and exiled them from Macedonia "sine die". In Alexander's twentieth year, Philip was ready to begin his conquest of Persia and Asia Minor, but first he had to cement Epeiros's allegiance to him by marrying off Cleopatra (his only daughter from Olympias) to King Alexander of Epeiros. At daybreak the wedding procession began. Twelve of the Greek deities led the procession with Philip following close behind. A man posing as a guard gained access to Philip's entourage and stabbed Philip in the side before anyone could stop him. This man, later identified as Pausanias, had a horse prepared for a quick departure, but as fate would have it, he tripped over a bush, and was transfixed with a spear before he was able to rise to his feet. But there was no helping Philip- he was quite dead. Alexander was a firm believer in the saying, "The king is dead,

A Wall In-Between Essay -- Literary Analysis

On August 13, 1961, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) constructed the Berlin Wall to prevent its citizen from leaving the country (Frederick Taylor, US News.com). For twenty-eight years, the Berlin Wall completely detached West Berlin, isolating its population from the remaining human race. Margaret Atwood represents this real experience in the novel The Handmaid’s Tale. Instead of dividing a large population, Atwood conveys the Harvard University perimeter wall as a divider between oneself and the people around them. Through this, Margaret Atwood’s novel The Handmaids Tale demonstrates how the author uses physiological object of the wall to reveal the barriers between the characters, physically and emotionally. Atwood’s description of the Harvard Wall presents a setting that is intimidating, daunting, and rigidly regulated. We can identify with the fearsome image Atwood describes because we can all picture a common jail cell. The cold brick walls â€Å"and barbed wire along the bottom†¦ they are ugly† (31). The walls themselves create and image of fear within the human mind however, it is what is in or on these walls that frightens the mind the most. In prisons we commonly think of the punishment is a hidden form of isolation, humiliation and/or torture, for the misbehaved. The Harvard wall publicly displays these methods of punishment through the form of lynching. This is a method used by Atwood to convey the significance of the wall and the use of fear produced by the Gilead society to create a barrier. â€Å"But on one bag there's blood, which has seeped through the white cloth. . . This smile of blood is what fixes the attention finally† (32). As Atwood clear ly states, the men who are hanging on the wall are meant to frighten peop... ...hysical object of the wall and the clothing connect to the emotional separation of the multiple characters by the fear and barriers set by the Gilead government. The fear and barriers come from the Harvard wall an image depicted by Margaret Atwood in The Handmaid’s Tale. The Novel additionally utilizes the image of the wall to show the physical and emotional boundaries it creates within its characters. Borders are created throughout the novel, through clothing, through fear and through people. Works Cited Atwood, Margaret. The Handmaid's Tale. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986. Print. Collins English Dictionary. London: Collins, 2009. Print. Taylor, Frederick. "The Rise and Fall of the Berlin Wall." US News. U.S.News & World Report, 13 Nov. 2008. Web. 02 Apr. 2012.

Movie Essays - Narrative Holes in Films of Shakespeares Plays

Narrative Holes in Films of Shakespeare's Plays My subject in this essay in playtexts and in films of those playtexts. Drama offers the storyteller a simple choice about how to communicate each element of the story to the audience: show it, or have a character describe it. Often in drama narration is used because an event cannot be shown, but occasionally telling is used when showing is perfectly possible and Shakespeare uses this device self-consciously to draw attention to the medium rather than the message of his story. Shakespeare appears then interested in ekphrasis, which the Oxford Classical Dictionary calls "an extended and detailed literary description of any object, real or imaginary" (Hornblower & Spawforth 1996) but which is commonly used in the more precise sense summarized by Grant F. Scott as "a verbal representation of a visual representation" (Scott 1991, 301). In Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing there is an important hole in the narrative which has been placed there by the dramatist. The moment when Claudio and Don Pedro witness a sign of Hero's infidelity is only anticipated and recalled in the play, not shown. First Don John promises "Go but with me tonight, you shall see her chamber window entered" (III.ii.102-3) and in the next scene Borachio brags how he brought Margaret into the deception: "She leans me out at her mistress' chamber window, bids me a thousand times good night" (III.iii.140-2). Between III.ii and III.iii the deception takes place without being shown to the audience. It certainly would have been possible for Shakespeare's stage to represent Borachio entering or leaving the bedchamber, so we should consider why Shakespeare chose instead to use dialogue referring to t... ...Laterna/Athena/RSC. Greenaway, Peter. 1991. Prospero's Books. Motion Picture. VPRO Television/Camera One/Le Studio Canal+/Channel Four Films/Elsevier/Vendex/Cinea/Allarts/NHK/Palace Pictures/Penta Films. Holland, Peter. 1995. "The Shapeliness of The Tempest." Essays in Criticism. 45.3. 208-29. Hornblower, Simon and Antony Spawforth, eds. 1996. The Oxford Classical Dictionary. 3rd edition. Oxford. Clarendon. Jarman, Derek. 1979. The Tempest. Motion Picture. Boyd's. McGuire, Philip. 1994. Shakespeare: The Jacobean Plays. English Dramatists. Basingstoke. Macmillan. Scott, Grant F. 1991. "The Rhetoric of Dilation: Ekphrasis and Ideology." Word and Image. 7.1. 301-10. Shakespeare, William. 1899. Much Ado About Nothing. Ed. Horace Howard Furness. New Variorum. 12. Philadelphia. Lippincott. Wilcox, Fred M. 1956. Forbidden Planet. Motion Picture. MGM

Letter of Successful Probation Essay

Letter of a successful probation period template |You can use this letter to provide an employee with written confirmation that his or her employment will continue beyond the | |probation period (if applicable). You are not required by law to provide a letter like this or to have employees on probation. | |Information you will need to fill in: | |the end date of the probation period | |that the probation ended successfully, and | |the start date of the person’s ongoing employment with the business. | |Please note, a probation period does not affect any entitlements employees receive under the National Employment Standards or a | |modern award, such as annual leave, personal leave, and notice of termination. The probation period may be different to the minimum | |employment period for unfair dismissal applications. | Suggested steps for preparing a letter of successful probation period If at any time you need more information or assistance, call the Fair Work Infoline on 13 13 94 or visit www.fairwork.gov.au. Step 1:Create your letter of a successful probation period It is best practice to confirm with your employee that his or her employment will continue beyond the probation period. The letter should be given to the employee before the end of the probation period. When drafting the letter you should: †¢ review the letter of engagement to check the length of the probation period, and †¢ check whether the relevant industrial instrument (e.g. an award or an enterprise agreement) contains any compulsory rules about probation. This template has been colour coded to assist you to complete it accurately. You simply need to replace the red < > writing with what applies to your employee and situation. Explanatory information is shown in blue italics to assist you and should be deleted once you have finished the letter. Step 2:Meet with the employee While it is best practice to meet with an employee towards the end of their probation period, there is not a legislative requirement to do so. Meeting face to face is an opportunity for you to: †¢ provide feedback to the employee about their performance or conduct, and †¢ explain why the probation period was successful. Step 3:Keep a copy of the letter of successful probation period Keep a copy of the letter given to the employee and document the meeting for your records. Private and confidential Dear Probation successful Your probation period with is due to end on . I am pleased to confirm your ongoing employment effective . The terms and conditions of employment set out in your original dated will continue to apply to your ongoing position. Thank you for your contribution to . Yours sincerely, ———————– PLEASE KEEP A COPY OF THIS LETTER FOR YOUR RECORDS ———————– Fair Work Ombudsman is committed to providing useful, reliable information to help you understand your rights and obligations under workplace laws. It is your responsibility to comply with workplace laws that apply to you. The information contained in this publication is: †¢ general in nature and may not deal with all aspects of the law that are relevant to your specific situation; and †¢ not legal advice. Therefore, you may wish to seek independent professional advice to ensure all the factors relevant to your circumstances have been properly considered.